Abstract
Soil amendment with phosphatic fertilizers (50 or 100%) as basal is susceptible to fixation losses, leading to low phosphorus use efficiency (PUE). Consequently, foliar spraying of di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) up to 2% is preferred for rainfed cotton. In addition, it has been reported that nano-fertilizers facilitate a steady release of nutrients, enhance nutrient uptake, and boost nutrient use efficiency, ultimately resulting in increased crop yields and profitability. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the foliar efficacy of DAP formulations to increase the growth, yield and nutrient uptake in rainfed cotton grown in black calcareous soils with graded levels. The field experiment consists of 13 treatment combinations with 3 replications, which were laid out via randomized complete block design (RCBD) during the kharif seasons of 2023 and 2024. These include varying levels (100, 75, 50%) of recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) with foliar spray (FS) of nano DAP one time at 45 DAS, two-times at 45 and 60 DAS, foliar spraying of DAP one time at 45 DAS, two-times at 60 DAS and a water spray (control 0% RDF). Nano-DAP (2% N, 5% P₂O₅) and DAP (18% N, 46% P₂O₅) were sprayed in both the years. In 2023 and 2024, the treatment T 4 (nano-DAP FS two times + 100% RDF), increased seed cotton (SC) and seed cotton yield (SCY) by (19.7, 15.7%) and (13.3, 12.9%), respectively, compared to T 1 (DAP FS one time + 100% RDF). Similarly, root length (10.9, 9.8%), boll weight (10.8, 13.8%) and seeds boll − 1 (9.8, 10.0%) in T 4 were increased compared to T 1 in 2023 and 2024. Reducing the RDF by 25%, i.e., T 8 (nano-DAP FS two times + 75% RDF), increased both the SC and SCY by 16.2, 3.8% and by 4.7, 10.0%, respectively, in both consecutive years compared to T 1 . However, seed index and fibre quality were not significantly influenced by foliar spraying of the DAP formulations. Economic analysis revealed significantly higher gross monetary returns of US$ 2490, US$ 2696 and net monetary returns of US$ 1422, US$ 1660 and benefit-cost ratio of 1.45, 1.63 were recorded in T 4 during 2023 and 2024, respectively. Among all the treatments, T 4 treatment also resulted in significantly higher profitability (ha − 1 day − 1 ) of US$ 9.82 and US$ 11.06. Foliar spraying of DAP formulations combined with varying RDF levels improved the growth, yield, nutrient uptake and use efficiency, economic viability of rainfed cotton. Nevertheless, these parameters were statistically comparable to those observed in T 1 . However, T 4 achieved the highest NMR and benefit-cost ratio compared to T 1 over both the years of experimentation. However, T 4 (nano-DAP FS two times + 100% RDF) resulted in the highest benefit-cost ratio and per day profitability compared to other treatments.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by-nc-nd. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
T4 increased seed cotton by 19.7% in 2023 and 15.7% in 2024 versus T1.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- T 4 (nano-DAP FS two times + 100% RDF)e0
- Outcome
- seed cotton (SC)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 19.7, 15.7%e0
- Qualifier
- 2023 and 2024e1
- Comparator
- T 1 (DAP FS one time + 100% RDF)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the treatment T 4 (nano-DAP FS two times + 100% RDF), increased seed cotton (SC) and seed cotton yield (SCY) by (19.7, 15.7%) and (13.3, 12.9%), respectively, compared to T 1 (DAP FS one time + 100% RDF).”
e1“root length (10.9, 9.8%), boll weight (10.8, 13.8%) and seeds boll − 1 (9.8, 10.0%) in T 4 were increased compared to T 1 in 2023 and 2024.”
t0“rainfed cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 increased seed cotton yield by 13.3% in 2023 and 12.9% in 2024 versus T1.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- T 4 (nano-DAP FS two times + 100% RDF)e0
- Outcome
- seed cotton yield (SCY)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13.3, 12.9%e0
- Qualifier
- 2023 and 2024e1
- Comparator
- T 1 (DAP FS one time + 100% RDF)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the treatment T 4 (nano-DAP FS two times + 100% RDF), increased seed cotton (SC) and seed cotton yield (SCY) by (19.7, 15.7%) and (13.3, 12.9%), respectively, compared to T 1 (DAP FS one time + 100% RDF).”
e1“root length (10.9, 9.8%), boll weight (10.8, 13.8%) and seeds boll − 1 (9.8, 10.0%) in T 4 were increased compared to T 1 in 2023 and 2024.”
t0“rainfed cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 increased root length by 10.9% and 9.8% in the two years.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- T 4e0
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10.9, 9.8%e0
- Qualifier
- 2023 and 2024e0
- Comparator
- T 1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root length (10.9, 9.8%), boll weight (10.8, 13.8%) and seeds boll − 1 (9.8, 10.0%) in T 4 were increased compared to T 1 in 2023 and 2024.”
t0“rainfed cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 increased boll weight by 10.8% and 13.8% in the two years.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- T 4e0
- Outcome
- boll weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10.8, 13.8%e0
- Qualifier
- 2023 and 2024e0
- Comparator
- T 1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root length (10.9, 9.8%), boll weight (10.8, 13.8%) and seeds boll − 1 (9.8, 10.0%) in T 4 were increased compared to T 1 in 2023 and 2024.”
t0“rainfed cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 increased seeds per boll by 9.8% and 10.0% in the two years.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- T 4e0
- Outcome
- seeds boll − 1e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9.8, 10.0%e0
- Qualifier
- 2023 and 2024e0
- Comparator
- T 1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root length (10.9, 9.8%), boll weight (10.8, 13.8%) and seeds boll − 1 (9.8, 10.0%) in T 4 were increased compared to T 1 in 2023 and 2024.”
t0“rainfed cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
T8 increased seed cotton by 16.2% and 3.8% across consecutive years versus T1.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- T 8 (nano-DAP FS two times + 75% RDF)e0
- Outcome
- SCe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16.2, 3.8%e0
- Comparator
- T 1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T 8 (nano-DAP FS two times + 75% RDF), increased both the SC and SCY by 16.2, 3.8% and by 4.7, 10.0%, respectively, in both consecutive years compared to T 1”
t0“rainfed cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
T8 increased seed cotton yield by 4.7% and 10.0% across consecutive years versus T1.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- T 8 (nano-DAP FS two times + 75% RDF)e0
- Outcome
- SCYe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4.7, 10.0%e0
- Comparator
- T 1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T 8 (nano-DAP FS two times + 75% RDF), increased both the SC and SCY by 16.2, 3.8% and by 4.7, 10.0%, respectively, in both consecutive years compared to T 1”
t0“rainfed cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar DAP formulations did not significantly change seed index and fibre quality.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of the DAP formulationse0
- Outcome
- seed index and fibre qualitye0
- Direction
- not significantly influencede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed index and fibre quality were not significantly influenced by foliar spraying of the DAP formulations.”
t0“rainfed cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 had gross monetary returns of US$ 2490 and US$ 2696 in 2023 and 2024.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- T 4e0
- Outcome
- gross monetary returnse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- US$ 2490, US$ 2696e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Economic analysis revealed significantly higher gross monetary returns of US$ 2490, US$ 2696 and net monetary returns of US$ 1422, US$ 1660 and benefit-cost ratio of 1.45, 1.63 were recorded in T 4 during 2023 and 2024, respectively.”
t0“rainfed cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 had net monetary returns of US$ 1422 and US$ 1660.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- T 4e0
- Outcome
- net monetary returnse0
- Value
- US$ 1422, US$ 1660e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Economic analysis revealed significantly higher gross monetary returns of US$ 2490, US$ 2696 and net monetary returns of US$ 1422, US$ 1660 and benefit-cost ratio of 1.45, 1.63 were recorded in T 4 during 2023 and 2024, respectively.”
t0“rainfed cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 had benefit-cost ratios of 1.45 and 1.63.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- T 4e0
- Outcome
- benefit-cost ratioe0
- Value
- 1.45, 1.63e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“benefit-cost ratio of 1.45, 1.63 were recorded in T 4 during 2023 and 2024”
t0“rainfed cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 profitability was US$ 9.82 and US$ 11.06 per hectare per day.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- T 4 treatmente0
- Outcome
- profitability (ha − 1 day − 1 )e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- US$ 9.82 and US$ 11.06e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T 4 treatment also resulted in significantly higher profitability (ha − 1 day − 1 ) of US$ 9.82 and US$ 11.06.”
t0“rainfed cotton”
The same questions in other papers
application · organism · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
20 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- positive
19 papers more in this group
See all 23 papers →nanoparticle · yield · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
26 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
- positive
25 papers more in this group
See all 29 papers →fertilization · organism · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
35 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- no effect
35 papers more in this group
See all 39 papers →application · quality: grain · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
18 papers in the same direction as this paper · 58 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
73 papers more in this group
See all 77 papers →application · yield · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
252 papers in the same direction as this paper · 27 in the opposite direction · 3 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- negative
279 papers more in this group
See all 283 papers →fertilization · yield · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
496 papers in the same direction as this paper · 47 in the opposite direction · 6 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
- negative
546 papers more in this group
See all 550 papers →nanoparticle · organism · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.