Abstract
Introduction The hilly region of Sichuan is a core rice-producing area in Southwest China.Long-term excessive fertilization has resulted in low nitrogen-use-efficiency and aggravated agricultural non-point source pollution, which seriously restricts the green and high-yield development of rice production. Methods To determine the optimal nitrogen reduction rate for nitrogen-efficient rice varieties in this region and to reveal the regulatory effects of nitrogen reduction on rice yield, nitrogen utilization, and physiological metabolism, a two-year field experiment was conducted using two rice cultivars, Byou 3611 and Yixiangyou 2115. Four nitrogen treatments were applied: 180 kg·hm -2 (N3), 150 kg·hm -2 (N2), 120 kg·hm -2 (N1), and 0 kg·hm -2 (N0, control). Yield, dry matter accumulation and translocation, nitrogen-use-efficiency,sugar content, and key enzyme activities involved in sucrose metabolism were systematically measured. Results The results showed that 150 kg·hm -2 nitrogen (N2) was the optimal treatment, with the highest grain yield in both years. The yields of Byou 3611 and Yixiangyou 2115 reached 12101.05 kg·hm -2 and 11941.19 kg·hm -2 , respectively, which were significantly higher than those under conventional nitrogen application (N3). Excessive nitrogen failed to increase yield but reduced the seed-setting rate, whereas large reduction in nitrogen supply (N1) significantly decreased the number of effective panicles and grains per panicle. Dry matter accumulation and translocation were the best under N2, with crop growth rates of 13.15 and 12.47 g·(m -2 ·d)⁻¹ for the two cultivars, respectively. Nitrogen-use-efficiency first increased and then decreased with increasing nitrogen applicatiopn rates. Under N2, nitrogen recovery efficiency exceeded 24%, and nitrogen agronomic efficiency of Byou 3611 reached 32.02 kg·kg⁻¹. Soluble sugar and sucrose contents, as well as the activities of sucrose phosphate synthase and sucrose synthase in grains, were highest under N2. Excessive nitrogen supply inhibited enzyme activity and sugar accumulation in grains. Significant genotypic differences were observed between the two cultivars: Byou 3611 performed better in terms of effective panicles, seed-setting rate, and dry matter translocation than Yixiangyou 2115. Discussion This study indicates that Byou 3611 is superior to Yixiangyou 2115 in terms of grain yield and nitrogen-use-efficiency. The application rate of 150 kg·hm -2 nitrogen can simultaneously optimize yield components, dry matter translocation, nitrogen utilization and sugar metabolism. These findings provide a theoretical basis and technical support for nitrogen saving and high-efficiency rice cultivation in the hilly regions of Sichuan.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
At 150 kg·hm -2 nitrogen (N2), rice grain yield was the highest in both years.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- 150 kg·hm -2 nitrogen (N2)e1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Qualifier
- in both yearse1
- Setting
- hilly regions of Sichuant0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The results showed that 150 kg·hm -2 nitrogen (N2) was the optimal treatment, with the highest grain yield in both years”
t0“Optimizing nitrogen reduction for improved grain yield and nitrogen-use-efficiency in two rice genotypes grown in hilly regions of Sichuan”
Claim · model-written summary
Byou 3611 yielded 12101.05 kg·hm -2 at 150 kg·hm -2 nitrogen, significantly higher than under conventional nitrogen application (N3).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Byou 3611e1
- Treatment
- N2e2
- Outcome
- yieldse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 12101.05 kg·hm -2e1
- Comparator
- conventional nitrogen application (N3)e1
- Setting
- hilly regions of Sichuant0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The yields of Byou 3611 and Yixiangyou 2115 reached 12101.05 kg·hm -2 and 11941.19 kg·hm -2 , respectively, which were significantly higher than those under conventional nitrogen application (N3)”
e2“The results showed that 150 kg·hm -2 nitrogen (N2) was the optimal treatment, with the highest grain yield in both years”
t0“Optimizing nitrogen reduction for improved grain yield and nitrogen-use-efficiency in two rice genotypes grown in hilly regions of Sichuan”
Claim · model-written summary
Yixiangyou 2115 yielded 11941.19 kg·hm -2 at 150 kg·hm -2 nitrogen, significantly higher than under conventional nitrogen application (N3).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Yixiangyou 2115e1
- Treatment
- N2e2
- Outcome
- yieldse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 11941.19 kg·hm -2e1
- Comparator
- conventional nitrogen application (N3)e1
- Setting
- hilly regions of Sichuant0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The yields of Byou 3611 and Yixiangyou 2115 reached 12101.05 kg·hm -2 and 11941.19 kg·hm -2 , respectively, which were significantly higher than those under conventional nitrogen application (N3)”
e2“The results showed that 150 kg·hm -2 nitrogen (N2) was the optimal treatment, with the highest grain yield in both years”
t0“Optimizing nitrogen reduction for improved grain yield and nitrogen-use-efficiency in two rice genotypes grown in hilly regions of Sichuan”
Claim · model-written summary
Excessive nitrogen failed to increase rice yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Excessive nitrogene1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- failed to increasee1
- Setting
- hilly regions of Sichuant0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Excessive nitrogen failed to increase yield but reduced the seed-setting rate”
t0“Optimizing nitrogen reduction for improved grain yield and nitrogen-use-efficiency in two rice genotypes grown in hilly regions of Sichuan”
Claim · model-written summary
Excessive nitrogen reduced the seed-setting rate of rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Excessive nitrogene1
- Outcome
- seed-setting ratee1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Setting
- hilly regions of Sichuant0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Excessive nitrogen failed to increase yield but reduced the seed-setting rate”
t0“Optimizing nitrogen reduction for improved grain yield and nitrogen-use-efficiency in two rice genotypes grown in hilly regions of Sichuan”
Claim · model-written summary
Large reduction in nitrogen supply (N1) significantly decreased the number of effective panicles and grains per panicle.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- large reduction in nitrogen supply (N1)e1
- Outcome
- the number of effective panicles and grains per paniclee1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Setting
- hilly regions of Sichuant0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“whereas large reduction in nitrogen supply (N1) significantly decreased the number of effective panicles and grains per panicle”
t0“Optimizing nitrogen reduction for improved grain yield and nitrogen-use-efficiency in two rice genotypes grown in hilly regions of Sichuan”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry matter accumulation and translocation of rice were best under N2.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- N2e1
- Outcome
- Dry matter accumulation and translocatione1
- Direction
- the beste1
- Setting
- hilly regions of Sichuant0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Dry matter accumulation and translocation were the best under N2, with crop growth rates of 13.15 and 12.47 g·(m -2 ·d)⁻¹ for the two cultivars, respectively”
t0“Optimizing nitrogen reduction for improved grain yield and nitrogen-use-efficiency in two rice genotypes grown in hilly regions of Sichuan”
Claim · model-written summary
Under N2, the crop growth rate of Byou 3611 was 13.15 g·(m -2 ·d)⁻¹.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Byou 3611e2
- Treatment
- N2e1
- Outcome
- crop growth ratese1
- Value
- 13.15e1
- Setting
- hilly regions of Sichuant0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Dry matter accumulation and translocation were the best under N2, with crop growth rates of 13.15 and 12.47 g·(m -2 ·d)⁻¹ for the two cultivars, respectively”
e2“The yields of Byou 3611 and Yixiangyou 2115 reached 12101.05 kg·hm -2 and 11941.19 kg·hm -2 , respectively, which were significantly higher than those under conventional nitrogen application (N3)”
t0“Optimizing nitrogen reduction for improved grain yield and nitrogen-use-efficiency in two rice genotypes grown in hilly regions of Sichuan”
Claim · model-written summary
Under N2, the crop growth rate of Yixiangyou 2115 was 12.47 g·(m -2 ·d)⁻¹.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Yixiangyou 2115e2
- Treatment
- N2e1
- Outcome
- crop growth ratese1
- Value
- 12.47e1
- Setting
- hilly regions of Sichuant0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Dry matter accumulation and translocation were the best under N2, with crop growth rates of 13.15 and 12.47 g·(m -2 ·d)⁻¹ for the two cultivars, respectively”
e2“The yields of Byou 3611 and Yixiangyou 2115 reached 12101.05 kg·hm -2 and 11941.19 kg·hm -2 , respectively, which were significantly higher than those under conventional nitrogen application (N3)”
t0“Optimizing nitrogen reduction for improved grain yield and nitrogen-use-efficiency in two rice genotypes grown in hilly regions of Sichuan”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen-use efficiency first increased and then decreased as nitrogen application rate increased.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- increasing nitrogen applicatiopn ratese1
- Outcome
- Nitrogen-use-efficiencye1
- Direction
- first increased and then decreasede1
- Setting
- hilly regions of Sichuant0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Nitrogen-use-efficiency first increased and then decreased with increasing nitrogen applicatiopn rates”
t0“Optimizing nitrogen reduction for improved grain yield and nitrogen-use-efficiency in two rice genotypes grown in hilly regions of Sichuan”
Claim · model-written summary
Under N2, nitrogen recovery efficiency of rice exceeded 24%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- N2e1
- Outcome
- nitrogen recovery efficiencye1
- Value
- 24%e1
- Qualifier
- exceedede1
- Setting
- hilly regions of Sichuant0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Under N2, nitrogen recovery efficiency exceeded 24%, and nitrogen agronomic efficiency of Byou 3611 reached 32.02 kg·kg⁻¹”
t0“Optimizing nitrogen reduction for improved grain yield and nitrogen-use-efficiency in two rice genotypes grown in hilly regions of Sichuan”
Claim · model-written summary
Under N2, nitrogen agronomic efficiency of Byou 3611 was 32.02 kg·kg⁻¹.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Byou 3611e1
- Treatment
- N2e1
- Outcome
- nitrogen agronomic efficiencye1
- Value
- 32.02 kg·kg⁻¹e1
- Setting
- hilly regions of Sichuant0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Under N2, nitrogen recovery efficiency exceeded 24%, and nitrogen agronomic efficiency of Byou 3611 reached 32.02 kg·kg⁻¹”
t0“Optimizing nitrogen reduction for improved grain yield and nitrogen-use-efficiency in two rice genotypes grown in hilly regions of Sichuan”
Claim · model-written summary
Soluble sugar and sucrose contents in grains were highest under N2.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- grainse1
- Treatment
- N2e1
- Outcome
- Soluble sugar and sucrose contentse1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Setting
- hilly regions of Sichuant0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Soluble sugar and sucrose contents, as well as the activities of sucrose phosphate synthase and sucrose synthase in grains, were highest under N2”
t0“Optimizing nitrogen reduction for improved grain yield and nitrogen-use-efficiency in two rice genotypes grown in hilly regions of Sichuan”
Claim · model-written summary
Activities of sucrose phosphate synthase and sucrose synthase in grains were highest under N2.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- grainse1
- Treatment
- N2e1
- Outcome
- the activities of sucrose phosphate synthase and sucrose synthasee1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Setting
- hilly regions of Sichuant0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Soluble sugar and sucrose contents, as well as the activities of sucrose phosphate synthase and sucrose synthase in grains, were highest under N2”
t0“Optimizing nitrogen reduction for improved grain yield and nitrogen-use-efficiency in two rice genotypes grown in hilly regions of Sichuan”
Claim · model-written summary
Excessive nitrogen supply inhibited enzyme activity and sugar accumulation in grains.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- grainse1
- Treatment
- Excessive nitrogen supplye1
- Outcome
- enzyme activity and sugar accumulatione1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
- Setting
- hilly regions of Sichuant0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Excessive nitrogen supply inhibited enzyme activity and sugar accumulation in grains”
t0“Optimizing nitrogen reduction for improved grain yield and nitrogen-use-efficiency in two rice genotypes grown in hilly regions of Sichuan”
Claim · model-written summary
Byou 3611 performed better than Yixiangyou 2115 in effective panicles, seed-setting rate and dry matter translocation, with significant genotypic differences.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Byou 3611e1
- Outcome
- effective panicles, seed-setting rate, and dry matter translocatione1
- Direction
- performed bettere1
- Comparator
- Yixiangyou 2115e1
- Setting
- hilly regions of Sichuant0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Significant genotypic differences were observed between the two cultivars: Byou 3611 performed better in terms of effective panicles, seed-setting rate, and dry matter translocation than Yixiangyou 2115”
t0“Optimizing nitrogen reduction for improved grain yield and nitrogen-use-efficiency in two rice genotypes grown in hilly regions of Sichuan”
Claim · model-written summary
Byou 3611 is superior to Yixiangyou 2115 in grain yield and nitrogen-use efficiency.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Byou 3611e1
- Outcome
- grain yield and nitrogen-use-efficiencye1
- Direction
- superiore1
- Comparator
- Yixiangyou 2115e1
- Setting
- hilly regions of Sichuant0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study indicates that Byou 3611 is superior to Yixiangyou 2115 in terms of grain yield and nitrogen-use-efficiency”
t0“Optimizing nitrogen reduction for improved grain yield and nitrogen-use-efficiency in two rice genotypes grown in hilly regions of Sichuan”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 150 kg·hm -2 nitrogen to optimise yield components, dry matter translocation, nitrogen utilisation and sugar metabolism in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 150 kg·hm -2 nitrogene1
- Outcome
- yield components, dry matter translocation, nitrogen utilization and sugar metabolisme1
- Setting
- hilly regions of Sichuant0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The application rate of 150 kg·hm -2 nitrogen can simultaneously optimize yield components, dry matter translocation, nitrogen utilization and sugar metabolism”
t0“Optimizing nitrogen reduction for improved grain yield and nitrogen-use-efficiency in two rice genotypes grown in hilly regions of Sichuan”
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