Abstract
Nitrogen is a key determinant of both yield and quality in cereal crops; however, its efficiency is strongly influenced by environmental conditions and genotype. This study evaluated the impact of different sowing densities and nitrogen fertilization regimes on grain quality indices in four triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) varieties—Negoiu, Utrifun, Zvelt, and Tulnic—using a split-plot arrangement of the 4 × 3 × 3 type, under the climatic conditions of northwestern Romania. The experiment, conducted over two contrasting growing seasons (2021–2023), employed a split-plot design testing three sowing densities (450, 550, and 650 seeds/m2) and three fertilization levels: basic soil nitrogen fertilization, soil + foliar N-P-K application, and soil + foliar + biostimulant. The results indicated that climatic variability had a predominant effect on grain quality, followed by the genetic characteristics of the varieties and their response to water stress. In the drought-affected 2021–2022 season, the Zvelt variety recorded the highest protein content (14.2%), significantly outperforming the control (13.3%). Supplementary foliar fertilization and the use of biostimulants under drought conditions did not improve quality; in some cases, they led to significant decreases in protein content (from 14.36% to 13.69%) and thousand-kernel weight (TKW). Under optimal precipitation conditions in the 2022–2023 season, supplementary fertilization significantly improved hectoliter weight and TKW (reaching 46.7 g compared to 44.2 g in the soil-only treatments). Higher sowing densities (650 seeds/m2) generally led to decreases in hectoliter weight and TKW in favorable years. These results suggest that nitrogen fertilization can improve triticale quality. In this study, high yields, both quantitatively and qualitatively, appear to be mainly influenced by varieties and climatic conditions, especially water availability during critical growth stages.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Climatic variability had a predominant effect on triticale grain quality.
- Taxon
- triticale
×Triticosecalee0 - Treatment
- climatic variabilitye2
- Outcome
- grain qualitye2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in four triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) varieties”
e2“climatic variability had a predominant effect on grain quality”
Claim · model-written summary
The Zvelt variety recorded the highest protein content, 14.2%, significantly above the control at 13.3%.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalee0
- Material
- Zvelte3
- Outcome
- protein contente3
- Direction
- higheste3
- Value
- 14.2%e3
- Qualifier
- 13.3%e3
- Comparator
- controle3
- Setting
- northwestern Romaniae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in four triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) varieties”
e1“under the climatic conditions of northwestern Romania”
e3“the Zvelt variety recorded the highest protein content (14.2%), significantly outperforming the control (13.3%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplementary foliar fertilization and biostimulant use under drought did not improve triticale quality.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalee0
- Treatment
- Supplementary foliar fertilization and the use of biostimulantse5
- Outcome
- qualitye5
- Direction
- did not improvee5
- Qualifier
- under drought conditionse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in four triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) varieties”
e5“Supplementary foliar fertilization and the use of biostimulants under drought conditions did not improve quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Under drought, supplementary fertilization and biostimulants significantly decreased protein content, from 14.36% to 13.69%, in some cases.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalee0
- Treatment
- Supplementary foliar fertilization and the use of biostimulantse5
- Outcome
- protein contente6
- Direction
- decreasese6
- Value
- from 14.36% to 13.69%e6
- Qualifier
- in some casese6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in four triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) varieties”
e5“Supplementary foliar fertilization and the use of biostimulants under drought conditions did not improve quality”
e6“in some cases, they led to significant decreases in protein content (from 14.36% to 13.69%) and thousand-kernel weight (TKW)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under drought, supplementary fertilization and biostimulants significantly decreased thousand-kernel weight in some cases.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalee0
- Treatment
- Supplementary foliar fertilization and the use of biostimulantse5
- Outcome
- thousand-kernel weight (TKW)e6
- Direction
- decreasese6
- Qualifier
- in some casese6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in four triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) varieties”
e5“Supplementary foliar fertilization and the use of biostimulants under drought conditions did not improve quality”
e6“in some cases, they led to significant decreases in protein content (from 14.36% to 13.69%) and thousand-kernel weight (TKW)”
Claim · model-written summary
In the 2022–2023 season, supplementary fertilization significantly improved hectoliter weight under optimal precipitation.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalee0
- Treatment
- supplementary fertilizatione7
- Outcome
- hectoliter weighte7
- Direction
- improvede7
- Setting
- 2022–2023 seasone7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in four triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) varieties”
e7“Under optimal precipitation conditions in the 2022–2023 season, supplementary fertilization significantly improved hectoliter weight and TKW (reaching 46.7 g compared to 44.2 g in the soil-only treatments)”
Claim · model-written summary
In the 2022–2023 season, supplementary fertilization significantly improved thousand-kernel weight to 46.7 g versus 44.2 g in soil-only treatments.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalee0
- Treatment
- supplementary fertilizatione7
- Outcome
- TKWe7
- Direction
- improvede7
- Value
- 46.7 ge7
- Qualifier
- 44.2 ge7
- Comparator
- soil-only treatmentse7
- Setting
- 2022–2023 seasone7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in four triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) varieties”
e7“Under optimal precipitation conditions in the 2022–2023 season, supplementary fertilization significantly improved hectoliter weight and TKW (reaching 46.7 g compared to 44.2 g in the soil-only treatments)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher sowing density (650 seeds/m2) generally decreased hectoliter weight in favorable years.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalee0
- Treatment
- Higher sowing densities (650 seeds/m2)e7
- Outcome
- hectoliter weighte7
- Direction
- decreasese7
- Qualifier
- in favorable yearse7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in four triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) varieties”
e7“Higher sowing densities (650 seeds/m2) generally led to decreases in hectoliter weight and TKW in favorable years”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher sowing density (650 seeds/m2) generally decreased thousand-kernel weight in favorable years.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalee0
- Treatment
- Higher sowing densities (650 seeds/m2)e7
- Outcome
- TKWe7
- Direction
- decreasese7
- Qualifier
- in favorable yearse7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in four triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) varieties”
e7“Higher sowing densities (650 seeds/m2) generally led to decreases in hectoliter weight and TKW in favorable years”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization can improve triticale quality.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalee0
- Treatment
- nitrogen fertilizatione7
- Outcome
- triticale qualitye7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in four triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) varieties”
e7“These results suggest that nitrogen fertilization can improve triticale quality”
Claim · model-written summary
High yields appear to be mainly influenced by varieties and climatic conditions, especially water availability during critical growth stages.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalee0
- Treatment
- varieties and climatic conditionse7
- Outcome
- yieldse7
- Qualifier
- especially water availability during critical growth stagese7
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in four triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) varieties”
e7“high yields, both quantitatively and qualitatively, appear to be mainly influenced by varieties and climatic conditions, especially water availability during critical growth stages”
The same questions in other papers
fertilization · yield · x Triticosecale (triticale)Results differ
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- negative
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other · quality: protein · x Triticosecale (triticale)Positive and negative results
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fertilization · quality: general · x Triticosecale (triticale)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
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application · quality: protein · x Triticosecale (triticale)Positive and negative results
3 in the opposite direction
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other · yield · x Triticosecale (triticale)Positive and negative results
5 in the opposite direction
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4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 11 in the opposite direction
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See all 16 papers →fertilization · quality: protein · x Triticosecale (triticale)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 14 in the opposite direction
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See all 16 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.