Abstract
Early-season chilling limits sorghum establishment in temperate environments, yet the metabolic basis of this sensitivity remains poorly understood. We combined temporal spectral reflectance with untargeted metabolomics to characterize species and genotype-level responses to early planting conditions. Normalized Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Red-Edge (NDRE) index revealed consistently faster seedling development and greater early-season greenness in maize compared with sorghum, with chilling-tolerant sorghum genotypes exhibiting intermediate reflectance patterns. Principal component analysis of metabolite profiles separated maize and sorghum along a dominant species axis, while planting date effects and genotype-specific metabolic stability were captured along secondary axes. Untargeted metabolomics identified 144 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) between maize and sorghum and 56 DAMs between early- and optimum-planted sorghum. Early planting induced marked metabolic reorganization in sorghum, characterized by the accumulation of phenylpropanoid intermediates (chlorogenic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid), osmoprotective sugars and polyols (galactinol, mannitol), amino acid derivatives (pipecolic acid, O-acetylserine), and aromatic amino acids, accompanied by depletion of central carbon metabolites including sucrose, fructose, sorbitol, and 3-phosphoglycerate. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated chilling-induced suppression of starch and sucrose metabolism, fructose-mannose pathways, and amino sugar metabolism, alongside activation of phenylpropanoid, terpenoid, aromatic amino acid, glucosinolate, and cyanoamino acid biosynthesis in sorghum compared with maize. The results of the current study demonstrate that early-season chilling constrains carbon turnover in sorghum and promotes diversion of metabolic flux toward antioxidative and osmoprotective pathways. The spectral metabolomic framework presented here identifies biochemical signatures associated with chilling sensitivity and provides targets for improving early-season vigor in sorghum.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Maize seedlings developed faster and showed greater early season greenness than sorghum.
- Outcome
- seedling development and greater early-season greennesse0
- Direction
- fastere0
- Comparator
- sorghume0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“consistently faster seedling development and greater early-season greenness in maize compared with sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Chilling tolerant sorghum genotypes had intermediate reflectance patterns.
SorghumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chilling-tolerant sorghum genotypes exhibiting intermediate reflectance patterns”
Claim · model-written summary
Metabolite profile analysis separated maize and sorghum on a dominant species axis.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Principal component analysis of metabolite profiles separated maize and sorghum along a dominant species axis”
Claim · model-written summary
Secondary axes captured planting date effects and genotype specific metabolic stability.
Verbatim
e0“planting date effects and genotype-specific metabolic stability were captured along secondary axes”
Claim · model-written summary
Metabolomics identified 144 differentially accumulated metabolites between maize and sorghum.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Untargeted metabolomics identified 144 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) between maize and sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Metabolomics identified 56 differentially accumulated metabolites between early and optimum planted sorghum.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“56 DAMs between early- and optimum-planted sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Early planting accumulated phenylpropanoid intermediates, osmoprotective sugars and polyols, amino acid derivatives, and aromatic amino acids in sorghum.
- Treatment
- Early plantinge0
- Outcome
- phenylpropanoid intermediatese0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
- Qualifier
- osmoprotective sugars and polyols (galactinol, mannitol), amino acid derivatives (pipecolic acid, O-acetylserine), and aromatic amino acidse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Early planting induced marked metabolic reorganization in sorghum, characterized by the accumulation of phenylpropanoid intermediates (chlorogenic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid), osmoprotective sugars and polyols (galactinol, mannitol), amino acid derivatives (pipecolic acid, O-acetylserine), and aromatic amino acids”
Claim · model-written summary
Early planting depleted central carbon metabolites in sorghum.
- Treatment
- Early plantinge0
- Outcome
- central carbon metabolites including sucrose, fructose, sorbitol, and 3-phosphoglyceratee0
- Direction
- depletione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Early planting induced marked metabolic reorganization in sorghum, characterized by the accumulation of phenylpropanoid intermediates (chlorogenic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid), osmoprotective sugars and polyols (galactinol, mannitol), amino acid derivatives (pipecolic acid, O-acetylserine), and aromatic amino acids, accompanied by depletion of central carbon metabolites including sucrose, fructose, sorbitol, and 3-phosphoglycerate.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chilling suppressed starch and sucrose metabolism, fructose mannose pathways and amino sugar metabolism in sorghum relative to maize.
- Outcome
- starch and sucrose metabolism, fructose-mannose pathways, and amino sugar metabolisme0
- Direction
- suppressione0
- Comparator
- maizee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chilling-induced suppression of starch and sucrose metabolism, fructose-mannose pathways, and amino sugar metabolism, alongside activation of phenylpropanoid, terpenoid, aromatic amino acid, glucosinolate, and cyanoamino acid biosynthesis in sorghum compared with maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Chilling activated phenylpropanoid, terpenoid, aromatic amino acid, glucosinolate and cyanoamino acid biosynthesis in sorghum relative to maize.
- Outcome
- phenylpropanoid, terpenoid, aromatic amino acid, glucosinolate, and cyanoamino acid biosynthesise0
- Direction
- activatione0
- Comparator
- maizee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chilling-induced suppression of starch and sucrose metabolism, fructose-mannose pathways, and amino sugar metabolism, alongside activation of phenylpropanoid, terpenoid, aromatic amino acid, glucosinolate, and cyanoamino acid biosynthesis in sorghum compared with maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors interpret early season chilling as constraining carbon turnover in sorghum and diverting metabolism toward protective pathways.
- Treatment
- early-season chillinge0
- Outcome
- carbon turnovere0
- Qualifier
- diversion of metabolic flux toward antioxidative and osmoprotective pathwayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“early-season chilling constrains carbon turnover in sorghum and promotes diversion of metabolic flux toward antioxidative and osmoprotective pathways”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined spectral and metabolomic framework identified biochemical signatures associated with chilling sensitivity.
- Outcome
- biochemical signatures associated with chilling sensitivitye0
Not reportedValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The spectral metabolomic framework presented here identifies biochemical signatures associated with chilling sensitivity and provides targets for improving early-season vigor in sorghum.”
The same questions in other papers
sowing time · molecular: metabolites · SorghumPositive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.