Abstract
Abstract This study aimed to develop an agronomic biofortification strategy to enhance wheat grain protein content (GPC), zinc (Zn), and selenium (Se) concentrations through foliar micronutrient cocktail applications under different irrigation and nitrogen (N) regimes. Field experiments were conducted using nine bread wheat genotypes under two irrigation conditions (irrigated [IR] and rainfed [R]) and two nitrogen fertilization rates (low N [LN], 40 kg N ha⁻¹; high N [HN], 140 kg N ha⁻¹). The LN treatment served as control, receiving soil-applied N only. HN was applied in split doses according to growth stage, and foliar applications of an N + Zn + Se cocktail were carried out at heading and early milk stages. Grain yield (GY), GPC, and Zn and Se concentrations were determined to assess treatment and genotype effects. Irrigation increased grain yield by 17% and thousand-grain weight by 8%. HN fertilization enhanced yield by 7% and substantially increased GPC (+ 10%), Zn (+ 40%), and Se (+ 2.3-fold). Significant genotypic variation was observed for both yield and micronutrient accumulation. Genotypes G3 and G5 exhibited the highest GPC, Zn, and Se concentrations, whereas G9 produced the highest yield but lowest micronutrient levels, indicating a trade-off between productivity and nutritional quality. Foliar micronutrient cocktails were the most effective under HN conditions, indicating the synergy between N supply and micronutrient uptake. Integrating optimized N management with stage-specific foliar N + Zn + Se applications provides a sustainable strategy to enhance wheat grain nutritional quality and mitigate micronutrient deficiencies.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation increased wheat grain yield by 17%.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Irrigatione0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 17%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation increased grain yield by 17% and thousand-grain weight by 8%.”
t0“Bread Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation increased wheat thousand-grain weight by 8%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Irrigatione0
- Outcome
- thousand-grain weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation increased grain yield by 17% and thousand-grain weight by 8%.”
t0“Bread Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen fertilization increased wheat grain yield by 7%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HN fertilization enhanced yield by 7% and substantially increased GPC (+ 10%), Zn (+ 40%), and Se (+ 2.3-fold).”
t0“Bread Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen fertilization increased wheat grain protein content by 10%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HN fertilization enhanced yield by 7% and substantially increased GPC (+ 10%), Zn (+ 40%), and Se (+ 2.3-fold).”
t0“Bread Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen fertilization increased wheat grain zinc concentration by 40%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HN fertilization enhanced yield by 7% and substantially increased GPC (+ 10%), Zn (+ 40%), and Se (+ 2.3-fold).”
t0“Bread Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen fertilization increased wheat grain selenium concentration 2.3-fold.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- HN fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- See0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.3-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HN fertilization enhanced yield by 7% and substantially increased GPC (+ 10%), Zn (+ 40%), and Se (+ 2.3-fold).”
t0“Bread Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat genotypes varied significantly in yield and micronutrient accumulation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- yield and micronutrient accumulatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant genotypic variation was observed for both yield and micronutrient accumulation.”
t0“Bread Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotypes G3 and G5 had the highest grain protein, zinc and selenium concentrations.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- G3 and G5e0
- Outcome
- GPC, Zn, and Se concentrationse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Genotypes G3 and G5 exhibited the highest GPC, Zn, and Se concentrations”
t0“Bread Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype G9 had the highest yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- G9e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whereas G9 produced the highest yield but lowest micronutrient levels”
t0“Bread Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype G9 had the lowest micronutrient levels.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- G9e0
- Outcome
- micronutrient levelse0
- Direction
- loweste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whereas G9 produced the highest yield but lowest micronutrient levels”
t0“Bread Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar micronutrient cocktails were most effective under high nitrogen conditions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Foliar micronutrient cocktailse0
- Outcome
- most effectivee0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
- Qualifier
- under HN conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar micronutrient cocktails were the most effective under HN conditions”
t0“Bread Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend optimized nitrogen management with stage-specific foliar applications to enhance wheat grain quality.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- Integrating optimized N management with stage-specific foliar N + Zn + Se applicationse0
- Qualifier
- enhance wheat grain nutritional quality and mitigate micronutrient deficienciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Integrating optimized N management with stage-specific foliar N + Zn + Se applications provides a sustainable strategy to enhance wheat grain nutritional quality and mitigate micronutrient deficiencies.”
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