Abstract
Abstract Atmospheric nitrogen (N 2 ) is converted into ammonia (NH 3 ), a form that plants can use, through biological nitrogen (N) fixation by various microorganisms and bacterial genera. This study assessed the field performance of three biological N‐fixing products, or biostimulants (BS), including Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus (BS1), Klebsiella variicola (BS2), Methylobacterium symbioticum (BS3), and nitrapyrin, a nitrification inhibitor (NI). We evaluated corn ( Zea mays L.) grain yield, quality, and N use efficiency. A 3‐year field trial was conducted from 2020 to 2022 and included N fertilization rates (0, 56, 112, 168, and 224 kg N ha −1 ) alongside the application of the three BS and NI at 112 kg N ha −1 . Averaged over 3 years, the BS treatments did not enhance corn yield compared to N applied alone. Yield differences between N‐rates were observed each year, with the highest yield at 224 kg N ha −1 ranging between 11,100 and 11,600 kg ha −1 in 3 years. In 2021, 112 kg N ha −1 + nitrapyrin increased yield from 880 to 1460 kg ha −1 compared to BS treatments, except for BS3. Grain N removal increased with increasing N rates (0–224 kg ha −1 ); however, treatments exhibited results similar to those where only N fertilizer was applied. Partial factor productivity with BS applications improved 31% compared to when urea was applied alone as 224 kg N ha −1 , but this did not translate into significant yield gains. Agronomic efficiency had varying results through the years. These findings indicate that incorporating biological N‐fixing microorganisms and NI into urea N management strategies may not consistently increase grain yield and do not significantly reduce the need for synthetic fertilizers in corn production.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Biostimulants did not enhance corn yield relative to nitrogen alone over three years.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Treatment
- BS treatmentse0
- Outcome
- corn yielde0
- Direction
- did not enhancee0
- Comparator
- N applied alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Averaged over 3 years, the BS treatments did not enhance corn yield compared to N applied alone”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest annual corn yield occurred at 224 kg N ha −1, ranging from 11,100 to 11,600 kg ha −1.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- 224 kg N ha −1e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 11,100 and 11,600 kg ha −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest yield at 224 kg N ha −1 ranging between 11,100 and 11,600 kg ha −1 in 3 years”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2021, nitrapyrin with 112 kg N ha −1 raised yield by 880 to 1460 kg ha −1 over biostimulant treatments except BS3.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- 112 kg N ha −1 + nitrapyrine0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 880 to 1460 kg ha −1e0
- Qualifier
- except for BS3e0
- Comparator
- BS treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2021, 112 kg N ha −1 + nitrapyrin increased yield from 880 to 1460 kg ha −1 compared to BS treatments, except for BS3”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain nitrogen removal increased with nitrogen rate.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- N rates (0–224 kg ha −1 )e0
- Outcome
- Grain N removale0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain N removal increased with increasing N rates (0–224 kg ha −1 )”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain nitrogen removal under biological products was similar to nitrogen fertilizer alone.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Grain N removale1
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- only N fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatments exhibited results similar to those where only N fertilizer was applied”
e1“Grain N removal increased with increasing N rates (0–224 kg ha −1 )”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Biostimulant applications improved partial factor productivity by 31% relative to 224 kg N ha −1 urea alone.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- BS applicationse0
- Outcome
- Partial factor productivitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 31%e0
- Comparator
- urea was applied alone as 224 kg N ha −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Partial factor productivity with BS applications improved 31% compared to when urea was applied alone as 224 kg N ha −1”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Biostimulant applications did not yield significant grain yield gains.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- BS applicationse1
- Outcome
- yield gainse0
- Direction
- did not translate into significante0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this did not translate into significant yield gains”
e1“BS applications improved 31%”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Agronomic efficiency varied across years.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- Agronomic efficiencye0
- Qualifier
- through the yearse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Agronomic efficiency had varying results through the years”
t0“Corn”
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