Abstract
Abstract Bacterial pustule disease, incited by Xanthomonas citri pv. glycines ( Xcg ), represents a significant phytopathological constraint limiting soybean productivity across major cultivation zones in India, with epidemiological reports documenting moderate-to-severe disease intensities causing considerable yield losses. The present study evaluated the in vitro antibacterial efficacy and in vivo prophylactic potential of Moringa oleifera Lam. extracts against Xcg under controlled conditions. Key physiological and biochemical parameters, including leaf number per plant, soluble protein, total soluble carbohydrate, and photosynthetic pigment content, were quantitatively assessed to determine host plant responses to pathogen challenge and extract treatment. In vitro bioassay results demonstrated that seed extract at 500 µg/mL elicited the most pronounced antibacterial activity, producing a zone of inhibition of 18.86 mm. Under greenhouse pot trial conditions, seed extract treatment significantly enhanced plant height, carbohydrate, chlorophyll, and carotenoid accumulation relative to inoculated controls. Soluble protein and carbohydrate concentrations exhibited a concentration-dependent decline at elevated extract doses, a trend similarly observed with the reference antibiotic streptomycin, suggesting potential phytotoxic effects at supraoptimal concentrations. At the highest evaluated concentration, seed extract formulation SE5 significantly reduced disease severity (DS) to 20.34% and achieved a percentage efficacy of disease control (PEDC) of 75.46%. Furthermore, the bioactive phenolic compound cinnamic acid, identified as a principal constituent of the seed extract, demonstrated a comparable zone of inhibition of 18.95 mm against Xcg , substantiating the mechanistic role of hydroxycinnamic acid-class phenolics in pathogen suppression. Collectively, these findings establish the phytotherapeutic potential of M. oleifera seed extracts and cinnamic acid as promising biopesticidal agents, warranting validation through large-scale field experimentation and integration into sustainable soybean crop protection and management strategies.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Seed extract at 500 µg/mL gave the most pronounced in vitro antibacterial activity against Xcg, with an 18.86 mm zone of inhibition.
- Taxon
- Glycine max
Glycine maxt1 - Treatment
- seed extract at 500 µg/mLe1
- Interactor
- Xcge2pathogen
- Outcome
- antibacterial activitye1
- Direction
- most pronouncede1
- Value
- 18.86 mme1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Glycine max”
e1“seed extract at 500 µg/mL elicited the most pronounced antibacterial activity, producing a zone of inhibition of 18.86 mm”
e2“against Xcg under controlled conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed extract treatment significantly enhanced plant height in greenhouse pot trials relative to inoculated controls.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt1
- Treatment
- seed extract treatmente3
- Outcome
- plant heighte3
- Direction
- enhancede3
- Comparator
- inoculated controlse3
- Setting
- Under greenhouse pot trial conditionse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Glycine max”
e3“Under greenhouse pot trial conditions, seed extract treatment significantly enhanced plant height, carbohydrate, chlorophyll, and carotenoid accumulation relative to inoculated controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed extract treatment significantly enhanced carbohydrate, chlorophyll and carotenoid accumulation in greenhouse pot trials relative to inoculated controls.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt1
- Treatment
- seed extract treatmente3
- Outcome
- carbohydrate, chlorophyll, and carotenoid accumulatione3
- Direction
- enhancede3
- Comparator
- inoculated controlse3
- Setting
- Under greenhouse pot trial conditionse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Glycine max”
e3“Under greenhouse pot trial conditions, seed extract treatment significantly enhanced plant height, carbohydrate, chlorophyll, and carotenoid accumulation relative to inoculated controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Soluble protein and carbohydrate concentrations declined in a concentration-dependent manner at elevated extract doses.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt1
- Treatment
- elevated extract dosese4
- Outcome
- Soluble protein and carbohydrate concentrationse4
- Direction
- declinee4
- Qualifier
- concentration-dependente4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Glycine max”
e4“Soluble protein and carbohydrate concentrations exhibited a concentration-dependent decline at elevated extract doses”
Claim · model-written summary
At the highest concentration, seed extract formulation SE5 significantly reduced disease severity to 20.34%.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt1
- Treatment
- seed extract formulation SE5e6
- Interactor
- Xcge2pathogen
- Outcome
- disease severity (DS)e6
- Direction
- reducede6
- Value
- 20.34%e6
- Qualifier
- At the highest evaluated concentratione6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Glycine max”
e6“At the highest evaluated concentration, seed extract formulation SE5 significantly reduced disease severity (DS) to 20.34% and achieved a percentage efficacy of disease control (PEDC) of 75.46%”
e2“against Xcg under controlled conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
At the highest concentration, seed extract formulation SE5 achieved a percentage efficacy of disease control of 75.46%.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt1
- Treatment
- seed extract formulation SE5e6
- Interactor
- Xcge2pathogen
- Outcome
- percentage efficacy of disease control (PEDC)e6
- Direction
- achievede6
- Value
- 75.46%e6
- Qualifier
- At the highest evaluated concentratione6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Glycine max”
e6“At the highest evaluated concentration, seed extract formulation SE5 significantly reduced disease severity (DS) to 20.34% and achieved a percentage efficacy of disease control (PEDC) of 75.46%”
e2“against Xcg under controlled conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Cinnamic acid gave a zone of inhibition against Xcg comparable to the seed extract, 18.95 mm.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt1
- Treatment
- cinnamic acide7
- Interactor
- Xcge7pathogen
- Outcome
- zone of inhibitione7
- Direction
- comparablee7
- Value
- 18.95 mme7
- Comparator
- seed extracte7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Glycine max”
e7“the bioactive phenolic compound cinnamic acid, identified as a principal constituent of the seed extract, demonstrated a comparable zone of inhibition of 18.95 mm against Xcg”
Claim · model-written summary
Cinnamic acid was identified as a principal constituent of the Moringa oleifera seed extract.
- Taxon
- Moringa oleifera
Moringa oleiferat0 - Outcome
- principal constituent of the seed extracte7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Moringa oleifera”
e7“the bioactive phenolic compound cinnamic acid, identified as a principal constituent of the seed extract, demonstrated a comparable zone of inhibition of 18.95 mm against Xcg”
Claim · model-written summary
The results suggest a mechanistic role of hydroxycinnamic acid-class phenolics in pathogen suppression.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt1
- Compound
- hydroxycinnamic acid-class phenolicse5
- Outcome
- pathogen suppressione5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Glycine max”
e5“substantiating the mechanistic role of hydroxycinnamic acid-class phenolics in pathogen suppression”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.