Abstract
Soil contamination with metals is a significant environmental problem that can adversely affect the growth of crops and the quality of yields. Among potentially toxic elements, iron plays a particularly important role, as excessive amounts of it disrupt physiological processes and plant nutrition. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of varying levels of iron contamination in the soil and the effectiveness of selected neutralising substances in mitigating iron stress on the growth, mass, SPAD index and chemical composition of maize biomass. In the absence of additives, excessive iron content (750 mg Fe kg−1 of soil) significantly restricted plant growth, causing a 62% reduction in plant height and a reduction in fresh and dry matter mass of 92% and 94%, respectively, compared to the control. However, the lowest dose of iron (250 mg Fe kg−1 of soil) in without additions series exhibited a stimulating effect, resulting in an increase in maize height and fresh matter mass. Among the tested neutralising substances, bentonite proved to be the most effective, significantly mitigating the negative effects of iron by increasing plant height by average 92% and fresh and dry matter mass by 167% and 193%, respectively, compared to the series without additives. Bentonite and humic acids also limited the decline in the SPAD index during subsequent growth stages. Soil contamination with iron significantly altered the chemical composition of maize biomass, with the additives used correcting these changes to varying degrees.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Excess iron reduced maize height by 62% versus control.
- Treatment
- 750 mg Fe kg−1 of soile0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 62%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“excessive iron content (750 mg Fe kg−1 of soil) significantly restricted plant growth, causing a 62% reduction in plant height and a reduction in fresh and dry matter mass of 92% and 94%, respectively, compared to the control.”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess iron reduced fresh matter mass by 92%.
- Treatment
- excessive iron content (750 mg Fe kg−1 of soil)e1
- Outcome
- fresh matter masse2
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 92%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a reduction in fresh and dry matter mass of 92% and 94%, respectively, compared to the control.”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“excessive iron content (750 mg Fe kg−1 of soil)”
e2“fresh matter mass”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess iron reduced dry matter mass by 94%.
- Treatment
- excessive iron content (750 mg Fe kg−1 of soil)e1
- Outcome
- dry matter masse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 94%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a reduction in fresh and dry matter mass of 92% and 94%, respectively, compared to the control.”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“excessive iron content (750 mg Fe kg−1 of soil)”
Claim · model-written summary
The lowest iron dose increased maize height without additives.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lowest dose of iron (250 mg Fe kg−1 of soil) in without additions series exhibited a stimulating effect, resulting in an increase in maize height and fresh matter mass.”
Claim · model-written summary
The lowest iron dose increased maize fresh matter mass without additives.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lowest dose of iron (250 mg Fe kg−1 of soil) in without additions series exhibited a stimulating effect, resulting in an increase in maize height and fresh matter mass.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bentonite increased plant height by an average 92% versus no additives under iron stress.
- Treatment
- bentonitee0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 92%e0
- Comparator
- the series without additivese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bentonite proved to be the most effective, significantly mitigating the negative effects of iron by increasing plant height by average 92% and fresh and dry matter mass by 167% and 193%, respectively, compared to the series without additives.”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bentonite increased fresh matter mass by 167% versus no additives.
- Treatment
- bentonitee0
- Outcome
- fresh matter masse1
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 167%e0
- Comparator
- the series without additivese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bentonite proved to be the most effective, significantly mitigating the negative effects of iron by increasing plant height by average 92% and fresh and dry matter mass by 167% and 193%, respectively, compared to the series without additives.”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“fresh matter mass”
Claim · model-written summary
Bentonite increased dry matter mass by 193% versus no additives.
- Treatment
- bentonitee0
- Outcome
- dry matter masse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 193%e0
- Comparator
- the series without additivese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bentonite proved to be the most effective, significantly mitigating the negative effects of iron by increasing plant height by average 92% and fresh and dry matter mass by 167% and 193%, respectively, compared to the series without additives.”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bentonite limited the decline in SPAD index during growth.
- Treatment
- Bentonitee0
- Outcome
- SPAD indexe0
- Direction
- limited the declinee0
- Qualifier
- during subsequent growth stagese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bentonite and humic acids also limited the decline in the SPAD index during subsequent growth stages.”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Humic acids limited the decline in SPAD index during growth.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bentonite and humic acids also limited the decline in the SPAD index during subsequent growth stages.”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron contamination altered maize biomass chemistry.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil contamination with iron significantly altered the chemical composition of maize biomass, with the additives used correcting these changes to varying degrees.”
Claim · model-written summary
The additives corrected iron-related changes in maize biomass chemistry to varying degrees.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with the additives used correcting these changes to varying degrees.”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
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