Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide As a traditional Chinese medicine, bitter almonds contain amygdalin, which can be hydrolyzed by β-glucosidase to release highly toxic hydrogen cyanide. There are safety hazards in clinical use, and high-temperature pretreatment is required for use. This study is based on the differences in β-GC activity of bitter almonds treated with different pretreatment methods. SPME-GC-MS and UPLC-MS/MS combined techniques were used to analyze the metabolic profile differences before and after processing from both volatile and nonvolatile dimensions. A total of 30 compounds were identified through volatile component analysis, among which terpenoids such as d -limonene and linalool were significantly upregulated during steaming, while benzyl alcohol was significantly downregulated. A total of 199 metabolites were identified through nonvolatile component analysis, and 80 significantly different metabolites were screened. Among them, the number of downregulated substances in steaming (45) far exceeded that in boiling (19) and frying (23), showing a clear trend of substance degradation. Of particular importance is the significant degradation of the cyanide alkaloid prunasin during the processing, resulting in the formation of volatile products such as benzaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide, which confirms the detoxification mechanism of processing at the molecular level. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that differential metabolites mainly involve 56 pathways such as α linolenic acid metabolism and purine metabolism, constructing a complex metabolic network during the processing.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Volatile component analysis identified 30 compounds in bitter almond.
- Taxon
- Bitter Almond
Prunus dulcis var. amarat0 - Outcome
- compounds were identified through volatile component analysise0
- Value
- 30 compoundse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Bitter Almond”
e0“A total of 30 compounds were identified through volatile component analysis”
Claim · model-written summary
Terpenoids such as d-limonene and linalool were significantly upregulated during steaming of bitter almond.
- Taxon
- Bitter AlmondPrunus dulcis var. amarat0
- Treatment
- steaminge0
- Outcome
- terpenoids such as d -limonene and linaloole0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Bitter Almond”
e0“terpenoids such as d -limonene and linalool were significantly upregulated during steaming”
Claim · model-written summary
Benzyl alcohol was significantly downregulated during steaming.
- Taxon
- Bitter AlmondPrunus dulcis var. amarat0
- Treatment
- steaminge0
- Outcome
- benzyl alcohole0
- Direction
- downregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Bitter Almond”
e0“during steaming, while benzyl alcohol was significantly downregulated”
Claim · model-written summary
Nonvolatile component analysis identified 199 metabolites.
- Taxon
- Bitter AlmondPrunus dulcis var. amarat0
- Outcome
- metabolites were identified through nonvolatile component analysise0
- Value
- 199 metabolitese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Bitter Almond”
e0“A total of 199 metabolites were identified through nonvolatile component analysis”
Claim · model-written summary
Eighty metabolites were screened as significantly different between treatments.
- Taxon
- Bitter AlmondPrunus dulcis var. amarat0
- Outcome
- significantly different metabolites were screenede0
- Value
- 80 significantly different metabolitese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Bitter Almond”
e0“80 significantly different metabolites were screened”
Claim · model-written summary
Steaming gave far more downregulated substances (45) than boiling (19).
- Taxon
- Bitter AlmondPrunus dulcis var. amarat0
- Treatment
- steaminge0
- Outcome
- number of downregulated substancese0
- Direction
- far exceedede0
- Value
- 45e0
- Comparator
- boilinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Bitter Almond”
e0“the number of downregulated substances in steaming (45) far exceeded that in boiling (19)”
Claim · model-written summary
Steaming gave far more downregulated substances (45) than frying (23).
- Taxon
- Bitter AlmondPrunus dulcis var. amarat0
- Treatment
- steaminge0
- Outcome
- number of downregulated substancese0
- Direction
- far exceedede0
- Value
- 45e0
- Comparator
- fryinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Bitter Almond”
e0“the number of downregulated substances in steaming (45) far exceeded that in boiling (19) and frying (23)”
Claim · model-written summary
Processing significantly degraded the cyanide alkaloid prunasin, forming volatile products such as benzaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide.
- Taxon
- Bitter AlmondPrunus dulcis var. amarat0
- Treatment
- processinge0
- Outcome
- degradation of the cyanide alkaloid prunasine0
- Direction
- degradatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Bitter Almond”
e0“the significant degradation of the cyanide alkaloid prunasin during the processing, resulting in the formation of volatile products such as benzaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide”
Claim · model-written summary
The prunasin degradation is presented as confirming the detoxification mechanism of processing at the molecular level.
- Taxon
- Bitter AlmondPrunus dulcis var. amarat0
- Treatment
- processinge0
- Outcome
- detoxification mechanism of processinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Bitter Almond”
e0“which confirms the detoxification mechanism of processing at the molecular level”
Claim · model-written summary
Differential metabolites were mainly involved in 56 KEGG pathways such as alpha-linolenic acid metabolism and purine metabolism.
- Taxon
- Bitter AlmondPrunus dulcis var. amarat0
- Outcome
- 56 pathways such as α linolenic acid metabolism and purine metabolisme0
- Value
- 56 pathwayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Bitter Almond”
e0“differential metabolites mainly involve 56 pathways such as α linolenic acid metabolism and purine metabolism”