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“decrease in relative water content”

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2000 ’10 ’20

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Organism: Carthamus tinctorius ✕

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

S1 decreased leaf chlorophyll by 22%.

Taxon: safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
Treatment: S1 irrigation levele0
Outcome: leaf total chlorophylle0
Direction: decreasee0
Value: 22 %e0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

t0
“safflower”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 52–61

e0
“The S1 irrigation level led to a decrease in Fv/Fm (5 %), relative water content (RWC) of the leaf (17 %), leaf total chlorophyll (22 %)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 510–646

Title

Improving the physiological properties and yield of safflower by combining organic and chemical nitrogen in different irrigation cut-off conditions

Eisa Maghsoudi; Alireza Yadavi; Hamidreza Balouchi; et al. Industrial Crops and Products 2024. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.119601

Other claims from this paper (17)

Intervention effect Stem-elongation irrigation cut-off decreased Fv/Fm by 5%.
Intervention effect S1 decreased leaf relative water content by 17%.
Intervention effect S1 decreased leaf soluble proteins by 21%.
Intervention effect S1 increased electrolyte leakage by 33%.
Intervention effect S1 increased carotenoids by 43%.
Intervention effect S1 increased proline by 42%.
Intervention effect S1 increased leaf soluble sugars by 39%.
Intervention effect Organic fertilizer alone or combined with chemical fertilizer raised Fv/Fm, RWC and chlorophyll under cut-off.
Intervention effect Organic fertilizer raised leaf soluble proteins under irrigation cut-off.
Intervention effect Organic fertilizer decreased carotenoids, proline and soluble sugars.
Observation Complete irrigation gave the highest biological yield of 21.62 t ha −1.
Observation N3 gave the highest biological yield of 21.93 t ha −1.
Intervention effect N3 increased grain yield by 3.34 t ha −1 in 2015.
Intervention effect N2 increased grain yield by 3.56 t ha −1 in 2016.
Observation Vegetative-stage irrigation cut-off had the greatest negative biological-yield effect.
Observation Flowering and pollination irrigation cut-off was most detrimental for grain yield.
Intervention effect N2 and N3 reduced the negative impact of water deficiency.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

S1 decreased leaf soluble proteins by 21%.

Taxon: safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
Treatment: S1 irrigation levele0
Outcome: soluble proteins of the leafe0
Direction: decreasee0
Value: 21 %e0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

t0
“safflower”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 52–61

e0
“The S1 irrigation level led to a decrease in Fv/Fm (5 %), relative water content (RWC) of the leaf (17 %), leaf total chlorophyll (22 %), and soluble proteins of the leaf (21 %)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 510–687

Title

Improving the physiological properties and yield of safflower by combining organic and chemical nitrogen in different irrigation cut-off conditions

Eisa Maghsoudi; Alireza Yadavi; Hamidreza Balouchi; et al. Industrial Crops and Products 2024. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.119601

Other claims from this paper (17)

Intervention effect Stem-elongation irrigation cut-off decreased Fv/Fm by 5%.
Intervention effect S1 decreased leaf relative water content by 17%.
Intervention effect S1 decreased leaf chlorophyll by 22%.
Intervention effect S1 increased electrolyte leakage by 33%.
Intervention effect S1 increased carotenoids by 43%.
Intervention effect S1 increased proline by 42%.
Intervention effect S1 increased leaf soluble sugars by 39%.
Intervention effect Organic fertilizer alone or combined with chemical fertilizer raised Fv/Fm, RWC and chlorophyll under cut-off.
Intervention effect Organic fertilizer raised leaf soluble proteins under irrigation cut-off.
Intervention effect Organic fertilizer decreased carotenoids, proline and soluble sugars.
Observation Complete irrigation gave the highest biological yield of 21.62 t ha −1.
Observation N3 gave the highest biological yield of 21.93 t ha −1.
Intervention effect N3 increased grain yield by 3.34 t ha −1 in 2015.
Intervention effect N2 increased grain yield by 3.56 t ha −1 in 2016.
Observation Vegetative-stage irrigation cut-off had the greatest negative biological-yield effect.
Observation Flowering and pollination irrigation cut-off was most detrimental for grain yield.
Intervention effect N2 and N3 reduced the negative impact of water deficiency.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Salt stress significantly decreased photosynthetic pigment contents.

Taxon: safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse0
Treatment: salt stresse0
Outcome: photosynthetic pigment contentse0
Direction: decreasee0
Comparator: 0 (control)e0

Verbatim

e0
“salt stress [0 (control), 75, 150, 225, and 300 mM NaCl concentrations] for 12 days, which led to a significant decrease in growth parameters (stem growth, fresh weight, and relative water content) and the photosynthetic pigment contents of the safflower cultivars”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 277–541

Title

Impact of salt stress on photosystem II efficiency and antioxidant enzyme activities of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars

Şeküre ÇULHA ERDAL; Hüsnü ÇAKIRLAR TURKISH JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY 2014. doi:10.3906/biy-1401-33

Other claims from this paper (8)

Intervention effect Salt stress significantly decreased stem growth, fresh weight and relative water content.
Intervention effect Salinity negatively affected photosystem II activity, especially at 300 mM.
Intervention effect Salt stress decreased K+ content and the K+/Na+ ratio.
Intervention effect Salt stress increased Na+ content.
Association Leaf malondialdehyde and free proline contents increased with NaCl concentration.
Association Antioxidant enzymes responded differently to NaCl concentrations.
Observation Dinçer had higher antioxidant enzyme activities and a more effective response than other cultivars.
Observation Dinçer had greater salinity tolerance than the other cultivars.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Salinity, drought, and combined stress reduced safflower photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate.

Taxon: safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
Treatment: salinity, drought, and simultaneous stressese0
Outcome: net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration ratee0
Direction: decreasee0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“The plant height, leaf area index, relative water content, number of heads per plant, number of seeds per head, 1000-seeds weight, seed yield, oil content, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate decrease under salinity, drought, and simultaneous stresses.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 516–801

t0
“safflower”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 41–50

Title

Growth, photosynthesis and production of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in response to different levels of salinity and drought

Marziyeh Esmaeilzadeh; Hossein Babazadeh; Hormazd Naghavi; et al. International Agrophysics 2022. doi:10.31545/intagr/147892

Other claims from this paper (6)

Intervention effect Salinity, drought, and combined stress reduced safflower plant height, leaf area index, and relative water content.
Intervention effect Salinity, drought, and combined stress reduced safflower head number, seed number per head, and thousand-seed weight.
Intervention effect Salinity, drought, and combined stress reduced safflower seed yield and oil content.
Intervention effect The 10 dS m -1 salinity and 40% irrigation treatment reduced safflower seed yield by 92.6% at heading.
Intervention effect The same stress treatment reduced safflower seed yield by 71.04% at stem elongation.
Intervention effect The same stress treatment reduced safflower seed yield by 89.9% at flowering.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Salinity, drought, and combined stress reduced safflower head number, seed number per head, and thousand-seed weight.

Taxon: safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
Treatment: salinity, drought, and simultaneous stressese0
Outcome: number of heads per plant, number of seeds per head, 1000-seeds weighte0
Direction: decreasee0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“The plant height, leaf area index, relative water content, number of heads per plant, number of seeds per head, 1000-seeds weight, seed yield, oil content, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate decrease under salinity, drought, and simultaneous stresses.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 516–801

t0
“safflower”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 41–50

Title

Growth, photosynthesis and production of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in response to different levels of salinity and drought

Marziyeh Esmaeilzadeh; Hossein Babazadeh; Hormazd Naghavi; et al. International Agrophysics 2022. doi:10.31545/intagr/147892

Other claims from this paper (6)

Intervention effect Salinity, drought, and combined stress reduced safflower plant height, leaf area index, and relative water content.
Intervention effect Salinity, drought, and combined stress reduced safflower seed yield and oil content.
Intervention effect Salinity, drought, and combined stress reduced safflower photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate.
Intervention effect The 10 dS m -1 salinity and 40% irrigation treatment reduced safflower seed yield by 92.6% at heading.
Intervention effect The same stress treatment reduced safflower seed yield by 71.04% at stem elongation.
Intervention effect The same stress treatment reduced safflower seed yield by 89.9% at flowering.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultsignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Spraying significantly reduced proline concentration, especially at 20 and 40 ppm.

Taxon: safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
Treatment: spraying of the shootse1
Outcome: concentration of prolinee0
Direction: decreasee0
Qualifier: especially with concentrations of (20) and (40) ppme0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“moreover a significant decrease noticed in the concentration of proline especially with concentrations of (20) and (40) ppm and increase in the concentration of chlorophyll b particularly with concentration (60) ppm.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 674–890

t0
“safflower”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 12–21

e1
“The spraying of the shoots, has led to increase the relative water content in the plant leaves and decrease the cell membrane stability in comparison with untreated plants”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 501–672

Title

Response of safflower to different concentrations of Mubkoet Chlorocytide growth regulator

Hussain Ali Mağallaẗ al-tarbiyaẗ wa-al-ʻilm 2005. doi:10.33899/edusj.2005.82975

Other claims from this paper (5)

Intervention effect Growth regulator reduced safflower height and root length.
Intervention effect Growth regulator significantly increased shoot and root dry weight, especially at 20 and 40 ppm.
Intervention effect Shoot spraying increased relative leaf water content.
Intervention effect Shoot spraying decreased cell membrane stability.
Intervention effect Spraying increased chlorophyll b concentration, particularly at 60 ppm.

Observationauthor interpretationoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The authors concluded Goldasht safflower could tolerate salinity up to 16 dS/m at the vegetative stage despite stem and root dry weight decline.

Taxon: safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
Material: Goldashte0
Organ / stage: vegetative stagee0
Treatment: salinity stress up to 16 dS/me0
Outcome: tolerate salinity stresse0
Qualifier: prominent decrease in stem and root dry weighte0

Not reportedDirection

Verbatim

e0
“the Goldasht cultivar of safflower could tolerate salinity stress up to 16 dS/m in the vegetative stage with prominent decrease in stem and root dry weight”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1457–1612

t0
“Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius, cv. Gholdasht)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 110–157

Title

Effects of Seed Priming on Growth, Chlorophyll Content, Relative Water Content and Dry Matter Distribution of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius, cv. Gholdasht) under Salinity Stress

S. Zibai; A. Rahimi; H. Dashti DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) 2012

Other claims from this paper (8)

Intervention effect Increasing salinity decreased dry weights of safflower aerial parts and roots, stem length, leaf area, and head dry weight.
Intervention effect Higher salinity shifted safflower dry matter allocation toward stems and heads and away from roots and leaves.
Intervention effect The safflower root/shoot ratio decreased significantly with increasing salinity.
Intervention effect Higher salinity significantly decreased safflower root dry weight.
Observation At 24 dS/m salinity, Goldasht safflower allocated more dry matter to shoots than to roots and leaves.
Intervention effect Higher salinity reduced safflower chlorophyll content and SPAD index.
Intervention effect Salinity above 16 dS/m significantly reduced safflower leaf area and plant height.
Recommendation The authors recommend field evaluation of the observed salinity tolerance.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

End-season drought lowered seed oil content, oil harvest index and seed element content.

Taxon: safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse0 t0 e1
Treatment: end-season droughte0 t0 e1
Outcome: seed oil content, oil harvest index, and seed element contente0 t0 e1
Direction: decreasee0 t0 e1
Comparator: regular irrigatione0 t0 e1

Verbatim

e0
“The end-season drought caused a decrease in the chlorophyll index, leaf area index, relative water content, plant height, yield components, biological yield, seed yield, harvest index, seed oil content, oil harvest index, and seed element content compared to regular irrigation”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 767–1044

t0
“Application Methods of Zinc Sulphate Increased Safflower Seed Yield and Quality under End-Season Drought Stress”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 0–111

e1
“The effect of different methods of zinc application on the growth, yield, and quality of safflower seeds under regular irrigation and interruption of irrigation from flowering to harvest (82 and 80 DAS in the first and second years, respectively) was evaluated.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 216–477

Title

Application Methods of Zinc Sulphate Increased Safflower Seed Yield and Quality under End-Season Drought Stress

Reza Ahmadi; Mohammad Mahmoudi; Farid Shekari; et al. Horticulturae 2024. doi:10.3390/horticulturae10090963

Other claims from this paper (19)

Intervention effect End-season drought lowered chlorophyll index, leaf area index and relative water content.
Intervention effect End-season drought lowered plant height and yield components.
Intervention effect End-season drought lowered biological yield, seed yield and harvest index.
Association The yield decrease coincided with lower capitol number and diameter, seed number per capitol and 1000-seed weight.
Observation Drought damage was more severe in the second year than the first.
Intervention effect Zinc sulfate increased studied traits in both years and irrigation conditions.
Intervention effect Zinc sulfate improved yield and seed nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents.
Intervention effect Zinc sulfate improved seed zinc and iron content.
Association Increasing zinc sulfate concentration lowered seed phosphorus content with both application methods.
Intervention effect Seed phosphorus content remained above the no-zinc treatment.
Intervention effect Zinc increased biological, seed and oil yield.
Observation Seed and oil yield responded more strongly to zinc than biological yield.
Intervention effect Zinc increased seed and oil harvest index.
Intervention effect Higher zinc sulfate concentrations improved performance under regular irrigation.
Observation Medium and lower zinc sulfate concentrations worked better under stress.
Intervention effect Flowering-stage spray at 5 g L−1 under normal irrigation gave the highest 1000-seed weight.
Intervention effect Flowering-stage spray at 5 g L−1 under normal irrigation gave the highest potassium and zinc content.
Intervention effect Foliar zinc sulfate spray improved seed yield more than soil application.
Observation Soil zinc sulfate application affected biological yield more than seed yield.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Spraying increased chlorophyll b concentration, particularly at 60 ppm.

Taxon: safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
Treatment: spraying of the shootse1
Outcome: concentration of chlorophyll be0
Direction: increasee0
Qualifier: particularly with concentration (60) ppme0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“increase in the concentration of chlorophyll b particularly with concentration (60) ppm.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 802–890

t0
“safflower”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 12–21

e1
“The spraying of the shoots, has led to increase the relative water content in the plant leaves and decrease the cell membrane stability in comparison with untreated plants”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 501–672

Title

Response of safflower to different concentrations of Mubkoet Chlorocytide growth regulator

Hussain Ali Mağallaẗ al-tarbiyaẗ wa-al-ʻilm 2005. doi:10.33899/edusj.2005.82975

Other claims from this paper (5)

Intervention effect Growth regulator reduced safflower height and root length.
Intervention effect Growth regulator significantly increased shoot and root dry weight, especially at 20 and 40 ppm.
Intervention effect Shoot spraying increased relative leaf water content.
Intervention effect Shoot spraying decreased cell membrane stability.
Intervention effect Spraying significantly reduced proline concentration, especially at 20 and 40 ppm.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

End-season drought lowered plant height and yield components.

Taxon: safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse0 t0 e1
Treatment: end-season droughte0 t0 e1
Outcome: plant height, yield componentse0 t0 e1
Direction: decreasee0 t0 e1
Comparator: regular irrigatione0 t0 e1

Verbatim

e0
“The end-season drought caused a decrease in the chlorophyll index, leaf area index, relative water content, plant height, yield components, biological yield, seed yield, harvest index, seed oil content, oil harvest index, and seed element content compared to regular irrigation”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 767–1044

t0
“Application Methods of Zinc Sulphate Increased Safflower Seed Yield and Quality under End-Season Drought Stress”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 0–111

e1
“The effect of different methods of zinc application on the growth, yield, and quality of safflower seeds under regular irrigation and interruption of irrigation from flowering to harvest (82 and 80 DAS in the first and second years, respectively) was evaluated.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 216–477

Title

Application Methods of Zinc Sulphate Increased Safflower Seed Yield and Quality under End-Season Drought Stress

Reza Ahmadi; Mohammad Mahmoudi; Farid Shekari; et al. Horticulturae 2024. doi:10.3390/horticulturae10090963

Other claims from this paper (19)

Intervention effect End-season drought lowered chlorophyll index, leaf area index and relative water content.
Intervention effect End-season drought lowered biological yield, seed yield and harvest index.
Intervention effect End-season drought lowered seed oil content, oil harvest index and seed element content.
Association The yield decrease coincided with lower capitol number and diameter, seed number per capitol and 1000-seed weight.
Observation Drought damage was more severe in the second year than the first.
Intervention effect Zinc sulfate increased studied traits in both years and irrigation conditions.
Intervention effect Zinc sulfate improved yield and seed nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents.
Intervention effect Zinc sulfate improved seed zinc and iron content.
Association Increasing zinc sulfate concentration lowered seed phosphorus content with both application methods.
Intervention effect Seed phosphorus content remained above the no-zinc treatment.
Intervention effect Zinc increased biological, seed and oil yield.
Observation Seed and oil yield responded more strongly to zinc than biological yield.
Intervention effect Zinc increased seed and oil harvest index.
Intervention effect Higher zinc sulfate concentrations improved performance under regular irrigation.
Observation Medium and lower zinc sulfate concentrations worked better under stress.
Intervention effect Flowering-stage spray at 5 g L−1 under normal irrigation gave the highest 1000-seed weight.
Intervention effect Flowering-stage spray at 5 g L−1 under normal irrigation gave the highest potassium and zinc content.
Intervention effect Foliar zinc sulfate spray improved seed yield more than soil application.
Observation Soil zinc sulfate application affected biological yield more than seed yield.

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“decrease in relative water content”

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