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“yield decrease”

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1950 ’60 ’70 ’80 ’90 2000 ’10 ’20

plus 31 earlier · 1910s–1940s

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Mechanismhypothesisoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The authors proposed spectral changes as the cause of greater resistance under Eu3+:LaF3.

Taxon: cucumbers (Cucumis sativus)Cucumis sativuse1
Treatment: Eu3+:LaF3 applicationse0
Outcome: an increase in plant resistancee0
Qualifier: changes in the illumination spectrume1

Verbatim

e0
“an increase in plant resistance in the case of Eu3+:LaF3 applications”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1564–1633

e1
“cucumbers (Cucumis sativus) were used as model plants. It was shown that plants grown under cover with Eu2O3 (PCC-Eu2O3) were 30–40% larger, gave a higher yield, and the activation of gas exchange processes and the light phase of photosynthesis in the leaves in response to the lighting was faster. On the contrary, plants grown under cover with Eu3+:LaF3 (PCC-Eu3+:LaF3) tended to slow down the rate of biomass accumula…” Show full quote
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 535–1466

Title

Two Types of Europium-Based Photoconversion Covers for Greenhouse Farming with Different Effects on Plants

Mark O. Paskhin; Denis V. Yanykin; Alexander V. Popov; et al. Horticulturae 2023. doi:10.3390/horticulturae9070846

Other claims from this paper (9)

Intervention effect Eu2O3 cover increased plant size by 30–40%.
Intervention effect Eu2O3 cover increased yield.
Intervention effect Eu2O3 cover sped activation of gas exchange and the light phase of photosynthesis.
Intervention effect Eu3+:LaF3 cover tended to slow biomass accumulation.
Intervention effect Eu3+:LaF3 cover tended to decrease gas exchange activation.
Intervention effect Eu2O3 cover made plants more sensitive to heat and cold treatment.
Intervention effect Eu3+:LaF3 cover made plants more resistant to high and low temperatures.
Intervention effect Eu2O3 cover inhibited Phytophthora infestans development on tomato plants.
Mechanism The authors proposed spectral changes as the cause of growth activation under Eu2O3.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The irrigation and fertilization program improve leaf area,leaf dry weight and specific leaf weight.

Taxon: ORANGE TREESt0
Treatment: moderate irrigation (2919.34 - 3157.88m3/fed./year) and the fertilization program/fed./year (33.33% mineral NPK +33.33% organic NPK + 33.33% mixed mineral ore + bio-fertilizer NPK)e0
Outcome: leaf area,leaf dry weight and specific leaf weighte0
Direction: improvee0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Theresults indicated that use of moderate irrigation (2919.34 - 3157.88m3/fed./year) and the fertilization program/fed./year (33.33% mineral NPK +33.33% organic NPK + 33.33% mixed mineral ore + bio-fertilizer NPK)followed by (50% organic NPK + 50% mixed mineral ore + bio-fertilizers NPK)exhibited decrease in pH and increased (EC, O.M., available macronutrients(NPK), soil microorganisms content and dehydrogenase activ…” Show full quote
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 967–1815

t0
“"WASHINGTON NAVEL" ORANGE TREES”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 42–73

Title

IRRIGATION AND FERTILIZATION PROGRAMS FOR "WASHINGTON NAVEL" ORANGE TREES IN SANDY SOIL UNDER DESERT CLIMATIC CONDITIONS. 1- EFFECT ON SOIL PROPERTIES, VEGETATIVE GROWTH AND YIELD

M Zayan; R Sayed; El-Shereif; et al. Journal of Sustainable Agricultural Sciences 2016. doi:10.21608/jsas.2016.2886

Other claims from this paper (8)

Intervention effect The irrigation and fertilization program decrease pH.
Intervention effect The irrigation and fertilization program increased EC, O.M., available macronutrients(NPK).
Intervention effect The irrigation and fertilization program increased soil microorganisms content and dehydrogenase activity.
Intervention effect The irrigation and fertilization program improve trunk cross-sectional area(TCSA), canopy volume (CV), number of shoots.
Intervention effect The irrigation and fertilization program improve average shoot length, averageshoots diameter and number of leaves/shoot.
Intervention effect The irrigation and fertilization program best fruityield with its components as number of fruits/tree, kg/tree, ton/fed. and yieldefficiency (YE).
Intervention effect Deficit irrigation with the same fertilization program increased field water use efficiency and water productivity.
Recommendation The authors recommend both programs to save irrigation water and replace chemical fertilizer under the study conditions.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultno effectmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Supraoptimal CO2 had no effect on organ dry weights or RGR compared with 69 mmol m−3 CO2.

Taxon: lettuceLactuca sativae2
Treatment: Enrichment of CO2 to a supraoptimal level of 92 mmol m-3 (2000 mm3 dm-3)e4
Outcome: leaf, stem and root dry weight or RGRe0
Direction: no effecte0
Qualifier: after 8 d of treatmente0
Comparator: plants grown at 69 mmol m-3 CO2e0

Verbatim

e0
“had no effect on leaf, stem and root dry weight or RGR relative to plants grown at 69 mmol m-3 CO2 after 8 d of treatment.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 879–1001

e1
“had no effect on leaf, stem and root dry weight or RGR relative to plants grown at 69 mmol m-3 CO2 after 8 d of treatment.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 879–1001

t0
“Effects of CO2and Photosynthetic Photon Flux on Yield, Gas Exchange and Growth Rate ofLactuca SativaL. ‘Waldmann’s Green”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 0–120

e2
“Enrichment of CO2 to 46 mmol m-3 (1000 mm3 dm-3) at a moderate photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of 450 micromoles m-2 s-1 stimulated fresh and dry weight gain of lettuce leaves 39% to 75% relative to plants at 16 mmol m-3 CO2 (350 mm3 dm-3).”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–241

e3
“high PPF of 880-900 micromoles m-2 s-1 gave further, substantial increases in growth, RGR, net assimilation rate (NAR) and photosynthetic rate (Pn), but a decrease in leaf area ratio (LAR), at 46 or 69 mmol m-3 (1000 or 1500 mm3 dm-3) CO2”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 423–661

e4
“Enrichment of CO2 to a supraoptimal level of 92 mmol m-3 (2000 mm3 dm-3) at high PPF increased leaf area and LAR”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 718–830

Title

Effects of CO₂and Photosynthetic Photon Flux on Yield, Gas Exchange and Growth Rate ofLactuca SativaL. ‘Waldmann’s Green'

SHARON L. KNIGHT; CARY A. MITCHELL Journal of Experimental Botany 1988. doi:10.1093/jxb/39.3.317

Other claims from this paper (9)

Intervention effect CO2 enrichment increased lettuce leaf fresh weight gain by 39–75% at moderate PPF.
Intervention effect CO2 enrichment increased lettuce leaf dry weight gain by 39–75% at moderate PPF.
Observation Relative growth rate increased only in the first days of exponential growth.
Intervention effect CO2 above 46 mmol m−3 gave no further growth benefit at moderate PPF.
Intervention effect High PPF increased growth, RGR and NAR at 46 or 69 mmol m−3 CO2.
Intervention effect High PPF increased photosynthetic rate at enriched CO2.
Intervention effect High PPF decreased leaf area ratio.
Intervention effect At high PPF, supraoptimal CO2 increased leaf area and LAR.
Intervention effect Supraoptimal CO2 decreased specific leaf weight, NAR and Pn.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The irrigation and fertilization program improve average shoot length, averageshoots diameter and number of leaves/shoot.

Taxon: ORANGE TREESt0
Treatment: moderate irrigation (2919.34 - 3157.88m3/fed./year) and the fertilization program/fed./year (33.33% mineral NPK +33.33% organic NPK + 33.33% mixed mineral ore + bio-fertilizer NPK)e0
Outcome: average shoot length, averageshoots diameter and number of leaves/shoote0
Direction: improvee0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Theresults indicated that use of moderate irrigation (2919.34 - 3157.88m3/fed./year) and the fertilization program/fed./year (33.33% mineral NPK +33.33% organic NPK + 33.33% mixed mineral ore + bio-fertilizer NPK)followed by (50% organic NPK + 50% mixed mineral ore + bio-fertilizers NPK)exhibited decrease in pH and increased (EC, O.M., available macronutrients(NPK), soil microorganisms content and dehydrogenase activ…” Show full quote
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 967–1815

t0
“"WASHINGTON NAVEL" ORANGE TREES”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 42–73

Title

IRRIGATION AND FERTILIZATION PROGRAMS FOR "WASHINGTON NAVEL" ORANGE TREES IN SANDY SOIL UNDER DESERT CLIMATIC CONDITIONS. 1- EFFECT ON SOIL PROPERTIES, VEGETATIVE GROWTH AND YIELD

M Zayan; R Sayed; El-Shereif; et al. Journal of Sustainable Agricultural Sciences 2016. doi:10.21608/jsas.2016.2886

Other claims from this paper (8)

Intervention effect The irrigation and fertilization program decrease pH.
Intervention effect The irrigation and fertilization program increased EC, O.M., available macronutrients(NPK).
Intervention effect The irrigation and fertilization program increased soil microorganisms content and dehydrogenase activity.
Intervention effect The irrigation and fertilization program improve trunk cross-sectional area(TCSA), canopy volume (CV), number of shoots.
Intervention effect The irrigation and fertilization program improve leaf area,leaf dry weight and specific leaf weight.
Intervention effect The irrigation and fertilization program best fruityield with its components as number of fruits/tree, kg/tree, ton/fed. and yieldefficiency (YE).
Intervention effect Deficit irrigation with the same fertilization program increased field water use efficiency and water productivity.
Recommendation The authors recommend both programs to save irrigation water and replace chemical fertilizer under the study conditions.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The irrigation and fertilization program improve trunk cross-sectional area(TCSA), canopy volume (CV), number of shoots.

Taxon: ORANGE TREESt0
Treatment: moderate irrigation (2919.34 - 3157.88m3/fed./year) and the fertilization program/fed./year (33.33% mineral NPK +33.33% organic NPK + 33.33% mixed mineral ore + bio-fertilizer NPK)e0
Outcome: trunk cross-sectional area(TCSA), canopy volume (CV), number of shootse0
Direction: improvee0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Theresults indicated that use of moderate irrigation (2919.34 - 3157.88m3/fed./year) and the fertilization program/fed./year (33.33% mineral NPK +33.33% organic NPK + 33.33% mixed mineral ore + bio-fertilizer NPK)followed by (50% organic NPK + 50% mixed mineral ore + bio-fertilizers NPK)exhibited decrease in pH and increased (EC, O.M., available macronutrients(NPK), soil microorganisms content and dehydrogenase activ…” Show full quote
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 967–1815

t0
“"WASHINGTON NAVEL" ORANGE TREES”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 42–73

Title

IRRIGATION AND FERTILIZATION PROGRAMS FOR "WASHINGTON NAVEL" ORANGE TREES IN SANDY SOIL UNDER DESERT CLIMATIC CONDITIONS. 1- EFFECT ON SOIL PROPERTIES, VEGETATIVE GROWTH AND YIELD

M Zayan; R Sayed; El-Shereif; et al. Journal of Sustainable Agricultural Sciences 2016. doi:10.21608/jsas.2016.2886

Other claims from this paper (8)

Intervention effect The irrigation and fertilization program decrease pH.
Intervention effect The irrigation and fertilization program increased EC, O.M., available macronutrients(NPK).
Intervention effect The irrigation and fertilization program increased soil microorganisms content and dehydrogenase activity.
Intervention effect The irrigation and fertilization program improve average shoot length, averageshoots diameter and number of leaves/shoot.
Intervention effect The irrigation and fertilization program improve leaf area,leaf dry weight and specific leaf weight.
Intervention effect The irrigation and fertilization program best fruityield with its components as number of fruits/tree, kg/tree, ton/fed. and yieldefficiency (YE).
Intervention effect Deficit irrigation with the same fertilization program increased field water use efficiency and water productivity.
Recommendation The authors recommend both programs to save irrigation water and replace chemical fertilizer under the study conditions.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The irrigation and fertilization program best fruityield with its components as number of fruits/tree, kg/tree, ton/fed. and yieldefficiency (YE).

Taxon: ORANGE TREESt0
Treatment: moderate irrigation (2919.34 - 3157.88m3/fed./year) and the fertilization program/fed./year (33.33% mineral NPK +33.33% organic NPK + 33.33% mixed mineral ore + bio-fertilizer NPK)e0
Outcome: fruityield with its components as number of fruits/tree, kg/tree, ton/fed. and yieldefficiency (YE)e0
Direction: beste0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Theresults indicated that use of moderate irrigation (2919.34 - 3157.88m3/fed./year) and the fertilization program/fed./year (33.33% mineral NPK +33.33% organic NPK + 33.33% mixed mineral ore + bio-fertilizer NPK)followed by (50% organic NPK + 50% mixed mineral ore + bio-fertilizers NPK)exhibited decrease in pH and increased (EC, O.M., available macronutrients(NPK), soil microorganisms content and dehydrogenase activ…” Show full quote
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 967–1815

t0
“"WASHINGTON NAVEL" ORANGE TREES”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 42–73

Title

IRRIGATION AND FERTILIZATION PROGRAMS FOR "WASHINGTON NAVEL" ORANGE TREES IN SANDY SOIL UNDER DESERT CLIMATIC CONDITIONS. 1- EFFECT ON SOIL PROPERTIES, VEGETATIVE GROWTH AND YIELD

M Zayan; R Sayed; El-Shereif; et al. Journal of Sustainable Agricultural Sciences 2016. doi:10.21608/jsas.2016.2886

Other claims from this paper (8)

Intervention effect The irrigation and fertilization program decrease pH.
Intervention effect The irrigation and fertilization program increased EC, O.M., available macronutrients(NPK).
Intervention effect The irrigation and fertilization program increased soil microorganisms content and dehydrogenase activity.
Intervention effect The irrigation and fertilization program improve trunk cross-sectional area(TCSA), canopy volume (CV), number of shoots.
Intervention effect The irrigation and fertilization program improve average shoot length, averageshoots diameter and number of leaves/shoot.
Intervention effect The irrigation and fertilization program improve leaf area,leaf dry weight and specific leaf weight.
Intervention effect Deficit irrigation with the same fertilization program increased field water use efficiency and water productivity.
Recommendation The authors recommend both programs to save irrigation water and replace chemical fertilizer under the study conditions.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

CO2 enrichment increased lettuce leaf dry weight gain by 39–75% at moderate PPF.

Taxon: lettuceLactuca sativae0
Organ / stage: leavese0
Treatment: Enrichment of CO2 to 46 mmol m-3 (1000 mm3 dm-3)e0
Outcome: dry weight gaine0
Direction: stimulatede0
Value: 39% to 75%e0
Comparator: plants at 16 mmol m-3 CO2 (350 mm3 dm-3)e0

Verbatim

e0
“Enrichment of CO2 to 46 mmol m-3 (1000 mm3 dm-3) at a moderate photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of 450 micromoles m-2 s-1 stimulated fresh and dry weight gain of lettuce leaves 39% to 75% relative to plants at 16 mmol m-3 CO2 (350 mm3 dm-3).”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–241

e1
“Enrichment of CO2 to 46 mmol m-3 (1000 mm3 dm-3) at a moderate photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of 450 micromoles m-2 s-1 stimulated fresh and dry weight gain of lettuce leaves 39% to 75% relative to plants at 16 mmol m-3 CO2 (350 mm3 dm-3).”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–241

t0
“Effects of CO2and Photosynthetic Photon Flux on Yield, Gas Exchange and Growth Rate ofLactuca SativaL. ‘Waldmann’s Green”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 0–120

e2
“Enrichment of CO2 to 46 mmol m-3 (1000 mm3 dm-3) at a moderate photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of 450 micromoles m-2 s-1 stimulated fresh and dry weight gain of lettuce leaves 39% to 75% relative to plants at 16 mmol m-3 CO2 (350 mm3 dm-3).”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–241

e3
“high PPF of 880-900 micromoles m-2 s-1 gave further, substantial increases in growth, RGR, net assimilation rate (NAR) and photosynthetic rate (Pn), but a decrease in leaf area ratio (LAR), at 46 or 69 mmol m-3 (1000 or 1500 mm3 dm-3) CO2”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 423–661

e4
“Enrichment of CO2 to a supraoptimal level of 92 mmol m-3 (2000 mm3 dm-3) at high PPF increased leaf area and LAR”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 718–830

Title

Effects of CO₂and Photosynthetic Photon Flux on Yield, Gas Exchange and Growth Rate ofLactuca SativaL. ‘Waldmann’s Green'

SHARON L. KNIGHT; CARY A. MITCHELL Journal of Experimental Botany 1988. doi:10.1093/jxb/39.3.317

Other claims from this paper (9)

Intervention effect CO2 enrichment increased lettuce leaf fresh weight gain by 39–75% at moderate PPF.
Observation Relative growth rate increased only in the first days of exponential growth.
Intervention effect CO2 above 46 mmol m−3 gave no further growth benefit at moderate PPF.
Intervention effect High PPF increased growth, RGR and NAR at 46 or 69 mmol m−3 CO2.
Intervention effect High PPF increased photosynthetic rate at enriched CO2.
Intervention effect High PPF decreased leaf area ratio.
Intervention effect At high PPF, supraoptimal CO2 increased leaf area and LAR.
Intervention effect Supraoptimal CO2 decreased specific leaf weight, NAR and Pn.
Intervention effect Supraoptimal CO2 had no effect on organ dry weights or RGR compared with 69 mmol m−3 CO2.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

CO2 enrichment increased lettuce leaf fresh weight gain by 39–75% at moderate PPF.

Taxon: lettuceLactuca sativae0
Organ / stage: leavese0
Treatment: Enrichment of CO2 to 46 mmol m-3 (1000 mm3 dm-3)e0
Outcome: freshe0
Direction: stimulatede0
Value: 39% to 75%e0
Qualifier: moderate photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of 450 micromoles m-2 s-1e0
Comparator: plants at 16 mmol m-3 CO2 (350 mm3 dm-3)e0

Verbatim

e0
“Enrichment of CO2 to 46 mmol m-3 (1000 mm3 dm-3) at a moderate photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of 450 micromoles m-2 s-1 stimulated fresh and dry weight gain of lettuce leaves 39% to 75% relative to plants at 16 mmol m-3 CO2 (350 mm3 dm-3).”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–241

e1
“Enrichment of CO2 to 46 mmol m-3 (1000 mm3 dm-3) at a moderate photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of 450 micromoles m-2 s-1 stimulated fresh and dry weight gain of lettuce leaves 39% to 75% relative to plants at 16 mmol m-3 CO2 (350 mm3 dm-3).”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–241

t0
“Effects of CO2and Photosynthetic Photon Flux on Yield, Gas Exchange and Growth Rate ofLactuca SativaL. ‘Waldmann’s Green”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 0–120

e2
“Enrichment of CO2 to 46 mmol m-3 (1000 mm3 dm-3) at a moderate photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of 450 micromoles m-2 s-1 stimulated fresh and dry weight gain of lettuce leaves 39% to 75% relative to plants at 16 mmol m-3 CO2 (350 mm3 dm-3).”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–241

e3
“high PPF of 880-900 micromoles m-2 s-1 gave further, substantial increases in growth, RGR, net assimilation rate (NAR) and photosynthetic rate (Pn), but a decrease in leaf area ratio (LAR), at 46 or 69 mmol m-3 (1000 or 1500 mm3 dm-3) CO2”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 423–661

e4
“Enrichment of CO2 to a supraoptimal level of 92 mmol m-3 (2000 mm3 dm-3) at high PPF increased leaf area and LAR”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 718–830

Title

Effects of CO₂and Photosynthetic Photon Flux on Yield, Gas Exchange and Growth Rate ofLactuca SativaL. ‘Waldmann’s Green'

SHARON L. KNIGHT; CARY A. MITCHELL Journal of Experimental Botany 1988. doi:10.1093/jxb/39.3.317

Other claims from this paper (9)

Intervention effect CO2 enrichment increased lettuce leaf dry weight gain by 39–75% at moderate PPF.
Observation Relative growth rate increased only in the first days of exponential growth.
Intervention effect CO2 above 46 mmol m−3 gave no further growth benefit at moderate PPF.
Intervention effect High PPF increased growth, RGR and NAR at 46 or 69 mmol m−3 CO2.
Intervention effect High PPF increased photosynthetic rate at enriched CO2.
Intervention effect High PPF decreased leaf area ratio.
Intervention effect At high PPF, supraoptimal CO2 increased leaf area and LAR.
Intervention effect Supraoptimal CO2 decreased specific leaf weight, NAR and Pn.
Intervention effect Supraoptimal CO2 had no effect on organ dry weights or RGR compared with 69 mmol m−3 CO2.

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“yield decrease”

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