Search claims · PlantClaims

Associationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Surface-water herbicide contamination varies with application rate, method, formulation and site characteristics.

Treatment: Herbicidese0
Outcome: contaminate surface waterse0
Qualifier: application rate, method of application, product formulation, and site-specific characteristicse0

Not reportedTaxonDirection

Verbatim

e0
“Herbicides contaminate surface waters to varying degrees, depending on application rate, method of application, product formulation, and site-specific characteristics.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 168–335

Title

Herbicide dissipation studies in southern forest ecosystems

Jerry L. Michael; Daniel G. Neary Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 1993. doi:10.1002/etc.5620120303

Other claims from this paper (4)

Recommendationauthor interpretationoriginal resultbasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

The authors recommend incorporating biobased fertilizers into soil for better agronomic performance than surface application.

Outcome: soil incorporation of BBFse0
Comparator: surface applicatione0

Not reportedTaxon

Verbatim

e0
“soil incorporation of BBFs will result in better agronomic performance than surface application”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 2698–2793

Title

Agronomic performance of novel, nitrogen-rich biobased fertilizers across European field trial sites

Benedikt Müller; Lærke Wester-Larsen; Lars Stoumann Jensen; et al. Field Crops Research 2024. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109486

Other claims from this paper (11)

Observation Biobased fertilizers averaged a nitrogen fertilizer replacement value of 70% across sites and years.
Observation Agronomic performance varied between trial sites and years.
Intervention effect Biobased fertilizers showed no significant yield differences from equal-N mineral fertilizer.
Observation There was no consistent ranking among the biobased fertilizers.
Intervention effect Biobased fertilizers tended to have higher replacement values after incorporation than after surface application.
Observation Eight biobased fertilizers had replacement values above 75%.
Observation Six biobased fertilizers had replacement values of 60–75%.
Observation Four biobased fertilizers had replacement values of 10–60%.
Intervention effect No biobased fertilizer had a significantly greater residual effect than mineral nitrogen fertilizer.
Association Biobased fertilizer performance was not significantly affected by climate or soil type.
Recommendation The authors judged most tested biobased fertilizers reasonably effective substitutes for mineral nitrogen fertilizers.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Surface superphosphate application was relatively ineffective during dry winters.

Taxon: barrel medicMedicago truncatulat0
Treatment: surface applicatione0
Outcome: relative ineffectivenesse0
Direction: ineffectivenesse0
Qualifier: dry winterse0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“relative ineffectiveness of surface application during the dry winters experienced”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 656–738

t0
“barrel medic”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 16–28

Title

The response of barrel medic pasture to topdressed and placed superphosphate in central western New South Wales

BJ Scott Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 1973. doi:10.1071/ea9730705

Other claims from this paper (4)

Intervention effect Subsurface superphosphate placement was effective for barrel medic dry matter production.
Intervention effect Subsurface superphosphate placement was effective for barrel medic phosphorus uptake.
Association Barrel medic root development was restricted in the dry 0-2 cm layer relative to deeper moist layers.
Observation After a year, topdressed phosphorus had not moved below the 2-4 cm layer, even at 753 kg ha-1.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Zinc application increased surface soil zinc content.

Taxon: maizeZea mayse1
Treatment: zinc applicatione0
Outcome: zinc content in grains and surface soile0
Direction: increasede0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“zinc application increased zinc content in grains and surface soil”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 676–742

e1
“maize plants grown in calcareous soils”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1084–1122

Title

Enhancing maize yield and zinc uptake through foliar application of zinc sulfate in calcareous soil of Peshawar, Pakistan

Zeeshan Khan Shah; Muhammad Baseer Us Salam; Shamsa; et al. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 2023. doi:10.30574/wjarr.2023.20.3.2448

Other claims from this paper (10)

Intervention effect Zinc application significantly increased maize yield.
Intervention effect Zinc application significantly increased zinc uptake.
Intervention effect Zinc application significantly increased NUE.
Intervention effect Zinc application significantly increased nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium uptake.
Intervention effect Foliar ZnSO4 yielded greater zinc uptake than soil application.
Observation The 1.5% foliar spray had the highest zinc uptake.
Intervention effect Zinc application increased grain zinc content.
Observation Grain zinc content was highest with the 1.5% foliar spray.
Observation Surface soil zinc content was highest with 10 kg ha-1 soil ZnSO4.
Recommendation The authors recommend foliar ZnSO4 to improve zinc uptake and grain zinc content.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

ETP increased root surface area.

Taxon: soybeanGlycine maxt0
Treatment: ETP applicatione0
Outcome: root surface areae0
Direction: increasede0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“ETP application induced adventitious root initiation, increased root surface area”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1138–1219

t0
“soybean”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 58–65

Title

Exo-ethylene application mitigates waterlogging stress in soybean (Glycine max L.)

Yoonha Kim; Chang-Woo Seo; Abdul Latif Khan; et al. BMC Plant Biology 2018. doi:10.1186/s12870-018-1457-4

Other claims from this paper (15)

Intervention effect Ethephon mitigated waterlogging stress.
Intervention effect Ethephon significantly improved photosynthesis pigment.
Intervention effect Ethephon increased endogenous GA contents.
Intervention effect Ethephon significantly activated amino acid contents under waterlogging.
Intervention effect Amino acid contents were significantly higher with 100 μM ETP than control.
Intervention effect ETP induced adventitious root initiation.
Intervention effect ETP significantly increased glutathione transferase expression.
Intervention effect ETP significantly increased relative glutathione activity.
Intervention effect ETP-treated soybeans had higher protein content than waterlogged controls.
Intervention effect ETP-treated soybeans had higher glutathione S-transferase up-regulation than waterlogged controls.
Mechanism ETP could stimulate higher expression of GST3 and GST8.
Mechanism Increased GST3 and GST8 were asserted to increase GSH activity.
Mechanism Increased GST3 and GST8 were asserted to decrease reactive oxygen species.
Mechanism Increased GST3 and GST8 were asserted to mitigate photosynthetic apparatus cell damage.
Mechanism Increased GST3 and GST8 were asserted to improve phenotype.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Swedes absorbed more 32P from lower than upper leaf-surface application.

Taxon: Swedese0
Treatment: lower surfacee0
Outcome: 32Pe0
Direction: moree0
Comparator: upper surfacee0

Verbatim

e0
“Swedes absorbed more 32P from a single application to the lower surface than to the upper surface of the leaf”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 434–543

Title

Factors Affecting Uptake of Radioactive Phosphorus by Leaves and its Translocation to other Parts of the Plant

GILLIAN N. THORNE Annals of Botany 1958. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a083619

Other claims from this paper (14)

Observation Foliar 32P uptake was rapid initially and fell to zero after four days.
Observation Phosphorus was detected in roots after three hours and continued moving from treated leaves for at least six days.
Intervention effect Repeated spraying absorbed more applied 32P than a single spray.
Intervention effect Doubling spray concentration slightly increased absorbed phosphorus percentage.
Intervention effect Doubling sprayed area slightly decreased absorption by French-bean leaves.
Association Absorption by French-bean leaves decreased with increasing leaf age.
Intervention effect More root phosphorus did not affect initial foliar 32P uptake rate.
Intervention effect More root phosphorus did not affect total foliar 32P uptake.
Intervention effect More root phosphorus decreased 32P translocation out of the treated leaf.
Intervention effect Higher relative humidity increased 32P uptake.
Intervention effect Shading usually decreased uptake.
Intervention effect Shading always decreased translocation.
Intervention effect Rewetting treated leaves with water had variable effects.
Intervention effect Rewetting treated leaves with sucrose solution had variable effects.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Honeydew on the lower leaf surface reduced photosynthesis more than on the upper surface.

Taxon: cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
Treatment: Application of honeydew to the lower leaf surfacee0
Outcome: photosynthesise0
Direction: reducede0
Comparator: its application to the upper leaf surfacee0

Verbatim

e0
“Application of honeydew to the lower leaf surface reduced photosynthesis to a greater degree than its application to the upper leaf surface”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 4865–5004

t0
“cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 67–94

Title

The effects of aphids (Aphis gossypii) Glover on photosynthesis in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

Simone Heimoana Queensland's institutional digital repository (The University of Queensland) 2012

Other claims from this paper (19)

Intervention effect Aphid feeding reduced cotton leaf photosynthesis in two of six experiments.
Association Increasing aphid density reduced photosynthesis by at most 27% at 27.6 aphids/cm2.
Association Photosynthesis declined by 10% at 12.9 aphids/cm2.
Association Stomatal conductance declined by 10% at 7.7 aphids/cm2, sooner than photosynthesis.
Observation Aphid-infested leaves had more closed stomata than non-infested leaves.
Observation At lower aphid densities, photosynthesis was inconsistently affected.
Observation Cultivars with differing leaf shapes responded similarly to aphid infestation.
Intervention effect Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance declined within eight days after infestation at initial densities of 0.7 and 1.5 aphids/cm2.
Observation Stomatal conductance and photosynthesis were first affected below four aphids/cm2.
Association Gas parameters had negative linear relationships with aphid density.
Observation Leaf temperature increased significantly during infestation.
Observation Leaves did not recover after aphid removal; conductance stayed lower and temperature higher than controls.
Observation Microscopy confirmed intercellular aphid stylet pathways into phloem.
Observation Aphid-infested interveinal leaf areas formed callose, with more callose in older leaves.
Association Increasing aphid populations corresponded to significant photosynthesis reductions.
Association Increasing aphid populations did not coincide with greater leaf sugar levels.
Intervention effect Natural honeydew reduced photosynthesis and stomatal conductance by 41% in the field, with effects disappearing after washing.
Intervention effect Artificial honeydew reduced photosynthesis and conductance by 18%.
Intervention effect Dust applied to honeydew further reduced photosynthesis by blocking light.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Reflective particle application reduced apple fruit surface temperature.

Taxon: AppleMalus domesticat0
Treatment: application of reflective particlese0
Outcome: Fruit surface temperaturee0
Direction: reducede0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

t0
“Solar Injury in Apple”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 98–119

e0
“Fruit surface temperature was reduced by the application of reflective particles”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 322–402

Title

A Reflective, Processed-Kaolin Particle Film Affects Fruit Temperature, Radiation Reflection, and Solar Injury in Apple

D. Michael Glenn; Ernesto Prado; Amnon Erez; et al. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 2002. doi:10.21273/jashs.127.2.188

Other claims from this paper (5)

Recommendationauthor interpretationoriginal resultbasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

Surface application appeared ineffective for supplying K to banana.

Taxon: bananae0
Outcome: surface application is not a very effective means of supplying K to banana plantse0

Verbatim

e0
“surface application is not a very effective means of supplying K to banana plants”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1579–1660

Title

Nitrogen and Potassium Nutrition of Giant Cavendish Banana in Hawaii1

Robert M. Warner; R. L. Fox Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 1977. doi:10.21273/jashs.102.6.739

Other claims from this paper (8)

Association Leaf N levels were associated with banana yield.
Association Banana yields approached their maximum at about 2.8% leaf N.
Association Heavy Cyperus rotundus infestation greatly increased the N fertilizer required.
Association Cyperus rotundus decreased banana yields independently of N competition.
Observation The trial showed few indications of K deficiency.
Observation Heavy K fertilization was required to maintain control leaf K at 3.2%.
Mechanism The K uptake pattern indicated banana use of subsoil K.
Observation Suspected incipient sulfur deficiency was not confirmed.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Surface fertilizer application increased upper layer soil inorganic nitrogen.

Taxon: maizeZea mayst0
Treatment: Surface applicatione0
Outcome: inorganic N concentration in the upper soil layerse0
Direction: increasede0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Surface application increased inorganic N concentration in the upper soil layers”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 528–608

t0
“maize”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 61–66

Title

Effects of fertilizer deep placement on weed suppression and maize growth in different soil textures

Jong-Mun Lee; Wook-Jae Lee; So-Jin Yeob; et al. Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer 2025. doi:10.7745/kjssf.2025.58.4.536

Other claims from this paper (5)

Intervention effect Surface fertilizer application stimulated weed growth.
Intervention effect Fertilizer deep placement reduced weed density and biomass.
Intervention effect Fertilizer deep placement maintained maize grain yield comparable to surface fertilization.
Intervention effect Fertilizer deep placement decreased weed community diversity, especially in loam.
Recommendation The authors suggest fertilizer deep placement as a practical nutrient management strategy for weed suppression and stable maize yield.

“surface application”

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