Abstract
Abstract Greenhouse and field experiments were used to measure growth and survival of northern red oak seedlings ( Quercus rubra L.) inside brown translucent, clear acrylic, and woven wire treeshelters compared to the growth and survival of unsheltered seedlings. In the greenhouse, seedlings grown in brown plastic and clear acrylic shelters had significantly reduced stem, leaf, and root development compared to unsheltered seedlings. Seedlings in clear shelters grew taller than control seedlings, but none were self-supporting after removal of the shelters. Reduced growth in the brown shelters was attributed to an 80% reduction in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). In the field study, 2-year-old red oak seedlings grown in brown and clear shelters experienced lower mortality (55% and 40%, respectively) than unsheltered seedlings (60%), but most were unable to support themselves after removal of the shelters because of increased height growth and inadequate stem development. Half of the seedlings inside clear shelters experienced dieback of new growth during an unusually warm early growing season. Seedlings in the wire shelters were not supported or protected from mechanical stress (wind) and they were exposed to ambient temperatures. Wire-shelter seedlings had the lowest mortality (20%) and were self-supporting but significantly shorter than seedlings in the clear and brown shelters. Wire shelters show promise as an alternative to solid plastic shelters for producing self-supporting seedlings with comparable growth and greater survival at a similar overall cost.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Brown greenhouse shelters significantly reduced stem, leaf and root development.
- Taxon
- Northern Red Oak
_(14092717698).jpg?width=60)
Quercus rubrat0 - Treatment
- brown plastice0
- Outcome
- stem, leaf, and root developmente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- unsheltered seedlingse0
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(14092717698).jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“In the greenhouse, seedlings grown in brown plastic and clear acrylic shelters had significantly reduced stem, leaf, and root development compared to unsheltered seedlings.”
t0“Northern Red Oak”
Claim · model-written summary
Clear greenhouse shelters significantly reduced stem, leaf and root development.
- Taxon
- Northern Red OakQuercus rubrat0
- Treatment
- clear acrylic shelterse0
- Outcome
- stem, leaf, and root developmente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- unsheltered seedlingse0
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the greenhouse, seedlings grown in brown plastic and clear acrylic shelters had significantly reduced stem, leaf, and root development compared to unsheltered seedlings.”
t0“Northern Red Oak”
Claim · model-written summary
Clear-shelter seedlings grew taller than controls but none supported themselves after shelter removal.
- Taxon
- Northern Red OakQuercus rubrat0
- Treatment
- clear shelterse0
- Outcome
- grew tallere0
- Direction
- tallere0
- Qualifier
- none were self-supporting after removal of the shelterse0
- Comparator
- control seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedlings in clear shelters grew taller than control seedlings, but none were self-supporting after removal of the shelters.”
t0“Northern Red Oak”
Claim · model-written summary
Brown-shelter growth reduction was attributed to 80% lower PAR.
- Taxon
- Northern Red OakQuercus rubrat0
- Treatment
- brown shelterse0
- Outcome
- Reduced growthe0
- Qualifier
- 80% reduction in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reduced growth in the brown shelters was attributed to an 80% reduction in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR).”
t0“Northern Red Oak”
Claim · model-written summary
Brown field shelters had 55% mortality versus 60% without shelters.
- Taxon
- red oakQuercus rubrae0
- Treatment
- browne0
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 55%e0
- Qualifier
- 60%e0
- Comparator
- unsheltered seedlingse0
- Setting
- fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the field study, 2-year-old red oak seedlings grown in brown and clear shelters experienced lower mortality (55% and 40%, respectively) than unsheltered seedlings (60%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Clear field shelters had 40% mortality versus 60% without shelters.
- Taxon
- red oakQuercus rubrae0
- Treatment
- clear shelterse0
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 40%e0
- Qualifier
- 60%e0
- Comparator
- unsheltered seedlingse0
- Setting
- fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the field study, 2-year-old red oak seedlings grown in brown and clear shelters experienced lower mortality (55% and 40%, respectively) than unsheltered seedlings (60%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Most brown-shelter field seedlings could not support themselves because height growth exceeded stem development.
- Taxon
- Northern Red OakQuercus rubrat0
- Treatment
- browne1
- Outcome
- unable to support themselvese0
- Qualifier
- increased height growth and inadequate stem developmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but most were unable to support themselves after removal of the shelters because of increased height growth and inadequate stem development.”
t0“Northern Red Oak”
e1“red oak seedlings grown in brown and clear shelters”
Claim · model-written summary
Most clear-shelter field seedlings could not support themselves because height growth exceeded stem development.
- Taxon
- Northern Red OakQuercus rubrat0
- Treatment
- clear shelterse1
- Outcome
- unable to support themselvese0
- Qualifier
- increased height growth and inadequate stem developmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but most were unable to support themselves after removal of the shelters because of increased height growth and inadequate stem development.”
t0“Northern Red Oak”
e1“red oak seedlings grown in brown and clear shelters”
Claim · model-written summary
Half of clear-shelter seedlings experienced new growth dieback in a warm early season.
- Taxon
- Northern Red OakQuercus rubrat0
- Treatment
- clear shelterse0
- Outcome
- dieback of new growthe0
- Value
- Halfe0
- Qualifier
- unusually warm early growing seasone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Half of the seedlings inside clear shelters experienced dieback of new growth during an unusually warm early growing season.”
t0“Northern Red Oak”
Claim · model-written summary
Wire-shelter seedlings were unsupported, exposed to wind and ambient temperatures.
- Taxon
- Northern Red OakQuercus rubrat0
- Treatment
- wire shelterse0
- Outcome
- not supported or protected from mechanical stress (wind)e0
- Qualifier
- exposed to ambient temperaturese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedlings in the wire shelters were not supported or protected from mechanical stress (wind) and they were exposed to ambient temperatures.”
t0“Northern Red Oak”
Claim · model-written summary
Wire-shelter seedlings had the lowest mortality, 20%, and supported themselves.
- Taxon
- Northern Red OakQuercus rubrat0
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 20%e0
- Qualifier
- self-supportinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wire-shelter seedlings had the lowest mortality (20%) and were self-supporting but significantly shorter than seedlings in the clear and brown shelters.”
t0“Northern Red Oak”
Claim · model-written summary
Wire-shelter seedlings were significantly shorter than clear- and brown-shelter seedlings.
- Taxon
- Northern Red OakQuercus rubrat0
- Treatment
- Wire-sheltere0
- Outcome
- shortere0
- Direction
- shortere0
- Comparator
- clear and brown shelterse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wire-shelter seedlings had the lowest mortality (20%) and were self-supporting but significantly shorter than seedlings in the clear and brown shelters.”
t0“Northern Red Oak”
Claim · model-written summary
Wire shelters are a promising alternative for self-supporting seedlings with comparable growth, greater survival and similar cost.
- Taxon
- Northern Red OakQuercus rubrat0
- Outcome
- Wire shelterse0
- Qualifier
- comparable growth and greater survival at a similar overall coste0
- Comparator
- solid plastic shelterse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wire shelters show promise as an alternative to solid plastic shelters for producing self-supporting seedlings with comparable growth and greater survival at a similar overall cost.”
t0“Northern Red Oak”