Abstract
A study was undertaken to investigate the occurrence and distribution of citrus gummosis disease in major citrus growing areas of Kenya. To achieve this, a survey was conducted across the country by sampling selected citrus orchards. This study also investigated the pathogens that are associated with citrus gummosis by collecting samples of pathogens from symptomatic tissues of infected citrus plants and rhizosphere soil from affected orchards. Phytophthora species were isolated and characterized based upon microscopic examination of morphological characters and growth characteristics on specific media. In vitro bioassays of dimethomorph + mancozeb (Acrobat), fosetyl-Al (Alliete), mancozeb (Dithane M45), cymoxanil + propineb (Milraz), metalaxyl + mancozeb (Ridomil) and fosetyl-Al +mancozeb (Verita) fungicides on mycelia growth of each species were evaluated. The fungicides were incorporated in corn meal agar at recommended manufacturers’ spray rates of 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 mg/ml and colony diameters measured for 12 days.Results from this study showed that citrus gummosis is widespread in all the citrus growing regions of Kenya but majority of the growers do not recognize the disease. The disease was observed in 70 (79 %) of the 90 fields visited with high prevalence being observed in low altitude areas. High gummosis disease incidence and prevalence were observed in low altitude areas characterized by high temperatures and humidity. The highest (33%) incidence was observed in Kilifi district, whose predominant agroecological zone (AEZ) was Coastal Lowland 3 (CL3). There was a positive and significant (r= +0.471, P<0.05) correlation between disease incidence and temperature. Sixty-seven (67 %) percent of growers interviewed did not recognize the disease while 77 % did not know its cause. All citrus varieties grown by farmers were susceptible to gummosis.3Three Phytophthora species were isolated and identified based on their morphological, cultural and physiological profiles. Forty five (45) isolates were identified as Phytophthora citrophthora, thirteen (13) as P. nicotianae and one (1) as P. syringae. Virulence tests on lemon fruits performed in the laboratory and stem-inoculation studies on lemon seedlings conducted under greenhouse conditions confirmed pathogenicity of the identified pathogens. All isolates were either sensitive or intermediately sensitive to the test fungicides. Percentage (%) mycelial growth inhibition of all test Phytophthora isolates were signifantly (p < 0.05) different at exposure to different concentrations of the test fungicides. From these findings, gummosis disease was observed to be widely distributed in the country but majority of farmers do not recognize it. Three Phytophthora species namely; P. citrophthora, P. nicotianae and P. syringae were the causal pathogens for the disease. The activity of the test fungicides on growth of P. syringae, P. citrophthora, and P. nicotianae suggests that these compounds could provide control to Phytophthora species causing gummosis in Kenya. The study recommends that concerted efforts in educating farmers and extension personnel in diagnosis, spread and management of the disease be put in place. The study also recommends that molecular characterization is performed on these pathogens to establish their true genetic identity. An evaluation of the fungicides used in this study should be done under field conditions to confirm their efficacy.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Citrus gummosis occurred in 70 of 90 surveyed fields.
CitrusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The disease was observed in 70 (79 %) of the 90 fields visited”
t0“Citrus gummosis”
Claim · model-written summary
Citrus gummosis incidence and prevalence were high in low altitude areas.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High gummosis disease incidence and prevalence were observed in low altitude areas characterized by high temperatures and humidity.”
t0“Citrus gummosis”
Claim · model-written summary
Gummosis incidence was highest in Kilifi district at 33%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest (33%) incidence was observed in Kilifi district”
t0“Citrus gummosis”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease incidence correlated positively with temperature.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was a positive and significant (r= +0.471, P<0.05) correlation between disease incidence and temperature.”
t0“Citrus gummosis”
Claim · model-written summary
All citrus varieties grown by farmers were susceptible to gummosis.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All citrus varieties grown by farmers were susceptible to gummosis.”
Claim · model-written summary
Forty five isolates were identified as Phytophthora citrophthora.
- Interactor
- Phytophthora citrophthoraPhytophthora citrophthorae0pathogen
- Outcome
- Phytophthora citrophthorae0
- Value
- Forty five (45)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Forty five (45) isolates were identified as Phytophthora citrophthora”
t0“Citrus gummosis”
Claim · model-written summary
Thirteen isolates were identified as P. nicotianae.
- Interactor
- P. nicotianae
Phytophthora nicotianaee0pathogen - Outcome
- P. nicotianaee0
- Value
- thirteen (13)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“thirteen (13) as P. nicotianae”
t0“Citrus gummosis”
Claim · model-written summary
One isolate was identified as P. syringae.
- Interactor
- P. syringaePhytophthora syringaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- P. syringaee0
- Value
- one (1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“one (1) as P. syringae”
t0“Citrus gummosis”
Claim · model-written summary
Virulence tests confirmed pathogenicity in lemon fruits and seedlings.
- Taxon
- lemon
Citrus ×limone0 - Organ / stage
- fruitse0
- Outcome
- confirmed pathogenicitye0
- Setting
- laboratorye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Virulence tests on lemon fruits performed in the laboratory and stem-inoculation studies on lemon seedlings conducted under greenhouse conditions confirmed pathogenicity of the identified pathogens.”
Claim · model-written summary
All Phytophthora isolates were sensitive or intermediately sensitive to the fungicides.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All isolates were either sensitive or intermediately sensitive to the test fungicides.”
t0“Citrus gummosis”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycelial growth inhibition differed significantly among fungicide concentrations.
- Treatment
- different concentrations of the test fungicidese0
- Interactor
- Phytophthora
Phytophthorae0pathogen - Outcome
- mycelial growth inhibition of all test Phytophthora isolatese0
- Direction
- differente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Percentage (%) mycelial growth inhibition of all test Phytophthora isolates were signifantly (p < 0.05) different at exposure to different concentrations of the test fungicides.”
t0“Citrus gummosis”
Claim · model-written summary
Education of farmers and extension personnel in gummosis management was recommended.
- Outcome
- educating farmers and extension personnel in diagnosis, spread and management of the diseasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The study recommends that concerted efforts in educating farmers and extension personnel in diagnosis, spread and management of the disease be put in place.”
t0“Citrus gummosis”
Claim · model-written summary
Molecular characterization of the pathogens was recommended.
- Outcome
- molecular characterizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The study also recommends that molecular characterization is performed on these pathogens to establish their true genetic identity.”
t0“Citrus gummosis”
Claim · model-written summary
Field evaluation of the fungicides was recommended.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An evaluation of the fungicides used in this study should be done under field conditions to confirm their efficacy.”
t0“Citrus gummosis”
The same questions in other papers
fungicide · Phytophthora · CitrusResults agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.