Abstract
Abstract Four new modes of action, oxathiapiprolin, fluopicolide, mandipropamid, and ethaboxam, have or are pending registrations on multiple tree crops in the USA including avocado, citrus, almond (and other tree nuts), and stone fruits to be used in sustainable anti-resistance rotation and mixture programs for managing Phytophthora diseases. All four fungicides are highly toxic in vitro against species of Phytophthora from different tree crops. Efficacy of foliar applications of oxathiapiprolin and mandipropamid for the management of citrus brown rot persisted for over 10 weeks. Still, residues could be removed to non-detectable levels by postharvest washing and brushing of fresh-market fruit. The four fungicides were highly effective in reducing root rot and crown/trunk cankers on tree crops and demonstrated acropetal systemic movement through the xylem after soil application and absorption by almond, citrus, and cherry roots. This was substantiated by reduced lesion size in stem inoculations of potted trees that were treated by soil applications or by in vitro bioassays and HPLC–MS–MS analyses of root, stem, and leaf extracts. Using an adapted Bromilow model that is based on the partition coefficient logP that indicates the lipo- or hydrophilicity and the acid dissociation constant pKa, mobility of ethaboxam, fluopicolide, mandipropamid, and oxathiapiprolin in plants was predicted, and this was supported by our studies. Mandipropamid and a mandipropamid–oxathiapiprolin pre-mixture are now registered as foliar applications for managing citrus brown rot, whereas oxathiapiprolin and fluopicolide are registered, and ethaboxam is pending registration as soil applications to control citrus root rot. Oxathiapiprolin has also been registered for soil use on almond and other nut crops, as well as avocado, and soil applications of mandipropamid are planned to be restricted to nursery use of multiple crops.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
All four fungicides are highly toxic in vitro against species of Phytophthora from tree crops.
- Taxon
- tree cropst0
- Treatment
- All four fungicidese1
- Interactor
- Phytophthora
Phytophthorae1pathogen - Outcome
- species of Phytophthorae1
- Qualifier
- highly toxic in vitroe1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phytophthora diseases of tree crops”
e1“All four fungicides are highly toxic in vitro against species of Phytophthora from different tree crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar applications of oxathiapiprolin and mandipropamid controlled citrus brown rot for over 10 weeks.
- Treatment
- foliar applications of oxathiapiprolin and mandipropamide2
- Outcome
- Efficacye2
- Direction
- persistede2
- Value
- over 10 weekse2
CitrusNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Efficacy of foliar applications of oxathiapiprolin and mandipropamid for the management of citrus brown rot persisted for over 10 weeks”
Claim · model-written summary
Postharvest washing and brushing removed fungicide residues from citrus fruit to non-detectable levels.
- Treatment
- postharvest washing and brushinge3
- Outcome
- residuese3
- Direction
- removede3
- Value
- non-detectable levelse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Efficacy of foliar applications of oxathiapiprolin and mandipropamid for the management of citrus brown rot persisted for over 10 weeks”
e3“residues could be removed to non-detectable levels by postharvest washing and brushing of fresh-market fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
The four fungicides were highly effective in reducing root rot and crown/trunk cankers on tree crops.
- Taxon
- tree cropse4
- Treatment
- The four fungicidese4
- Outcome
- root rot and crown/trunk cankerse4
- Direction
- reducinge4
- Qualifier
- highly effectivee4
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e4“The four fungicides were highly effective in reducing root rot and crown/trunk cankers on tree crops”
Claim · model-written summary
After soil application, the fungicides moved acropetally through the xylem in almond, citrus and cherry.
Verbatim
e5“demonstrated acropetal systemic movement through the xylem after soil application and absorption by almond, citrus, and cherry roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil applications reduced lesion size in stem inoculations of potted tree crops.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Phytophthora diseases of tree crops”
e6“reduced lesion size in stem inoculations of potted trees that were treated by soil applications”
Claim · model-written summary
The mobility of four fungicides in plants predicted by the adapted Bromilow model was supported by the authors studies.
Verbatim
t0“Phytophthora diseases of tree crops”
e7“Using an adapted Bromilow model that is based on the partition coefficient logP that indicates the lipo- or hydrophilicity and the acid dissociation constant pKa, mobility of ethaboxam, fluopicolide, mandipropamid, and oxathiapiprolin in plants was predicted, and this was supported by our studies”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil applications of mandipropamid are planned to be restricted to nursery use.
Verbatim
t0“Phytophthora diseases of tree crops”
e1“soil applications of mandipropamid are planned to be restricted to nursery use of multiple crops”
The same questions in other papers
application · control · CitrusPositive and negative results
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- no effect
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →fungicide · disease · CitrusPositive and negative results
14 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- positive
12 papers more in this group
See all 16 papers →fungicide · Phytophthora · CitrusResults agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.