Abstract
Abstract Phytophthora species have long been reported to cause Phytophthora disease in citrus with symptoms of gummosis, root rot and fruit brown rot. Due to the lack of an up‐to‐date investigation of Phytophthora species currently causing the disease in Northern Vietnam, this study aimed to determine the current Phytophthora species associated with the disease in this region. An extensive collection of diseased samples was conducted in the main citrus‐growing areas in Northern Vietnam from 2021 to 2022. Fifty‐four Phytophthora isolates were obtained and initially divided into four groups based on morphological characteristics, including colony morphology, mycelial growth rate and reproductive structures. Representative Phytophthora isolates from each group were then identified as P. palmivora , P. nicotianae , P. citrophthora and P. mekongensis based on the phylogenetic analysis of ITS and cox 1 gene sequences. Pathogenicity tests showed that these four Phytophthora species induce gummosis and brown rot on pomelo, orange and lime, with pomelo being the most susceptible, followed by orange and lime, respectively. Koch's postulates were confirmed. All the Phytophthora species were sensitive to various fungicides including mancozeb, metalaxyl, chlorothalonil, fosetyl aluminium, potassium phosphonate and dimethomorph, of which metalaxyl was the most potent inhibitor of colony growth. Our findings provide updated information on the current Phytophthora species associated with gummosis in citrus in Northern Vietnam, with P. mekongensis being recorded for the first time in this region. This will serve as a reference for Phytophthora studies on citrus in the future and for developing an integrated management strategy for Phytophthora disease.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Fifty-four Phytophthora isolates formed four morphological groups.
- Interactor
- Phytophthora
Phytophthorae0pathogen - Outcome
- Phytophthora isolatese0
- Value
- Fifty‐foure0
CitrusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fifty‐four Phytophthora isolates were obtained and initially divided into four groups based on morphological characteristics”
e1“disease in citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
P. palmivora was identified by ITS and cox 1 phylogeny.
- Interactor
- P. palmivora
.jpg?width=60)
Phytophthora palmivorae0pathogen - Outcome
- identified as P. palmivorae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“identified as P. palmivora , P. nicotianae , P. citrophthora and P. mekongensis based on the phylogenetic analysis of ITS and cox 1 gene sequences”
e1“disease in citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
P. nicotianae was identified by ITS and cox 1 phylogeny.
- Interactor
- P. nicotianae
Phytophthora nicotianaee0pathogen - Outcome
- P. nicotianaee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“identified as P. palmivora , P. nicotianae , P. citrophthora and P. mekongensis based on the phylogenetic analysis of ITS and cox 1 gene sequences”
e1“disease in citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
P. citrophthora was identified by ITS and cox 1 phylogeny.
- Interactor
- P. citrophthoraPhytophthora citrophthorae0pathogen
- Outcome
- P. citrophthorae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“identified as P. palmivora , P. nicotianae , P. citrophthora and P. mekongensis based on the phylogenetic analysis of ITS and cox 1 gene sequences”
e1“disease in citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
P. mekongensis was identified by ITS and cox 1 phylogeny.
- Interactor
- P. mekongensisPhytophthora mekongensise0pathogen
- Outcome
- P. mekongensise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“identified as P. palmivora , P. nicotianae , P. citrophthora and P. mekongensis based on the phylogenetic analysis of ITS and cox 1 gene sequences”
e1“disease in citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
P. palmivora induced gummosis and brown rot on pomelo, orange and lime.
- Taxon
- pomelo, orange and limee0
- Treatment
- these four Phytophthora speciese0
- Interactor
- P. palmivoraPhytophthora palmivorae1pathogene0
- Outcome
- gummosis and brown rote0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these four Phytophthora species induce gummosis and brown rot on pomelo, orange and lime”
e1“P. palmivora”
Claim · model-written summary
P. nicotianae induced gummosis and brown rot on pomelo, orange and lime.
- Taxon
- pomelo, orange and limee0
- Treatment
- these four Phytophthora speciese0
- Interactor
- P. nicotianaePhytophthora nicotianaee1pathogene0
- Outcome
- gummosis and brown rote0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these four Phytophthora species induce gummosis and brown rot on pomelo, orange and lime”
e1“P. nicotianae”
Claim · model-written summary
P. citrophthora induced gummosis and brown rot on pomelo, orange and lime.
- Taxon
- pomelo, orange and limee0
- Treatment
- these four Phytophthora speciese0
- Interactor
- P. citrophthoraPhytophthora citrophthorae1pathogene0
- Outcome
- gummosis and brown rote0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“these four Phytophthora species induce gummosis and brown rot on pomelo, orange and lime”
e1“P. citrophthora”
Claim · model-written summary
P. mekongensis induced gummosis and brown rot on pomelo, orange and lime.
- Taxon
- pomelo, orange and limee0
- Treatment
- these four Phytophthora speciese0
- Interactor
- P. mekongensisPhytophthora mekongensise1pathogene0
- Outcome
- gummosis and brown rote0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“these four Phytophthora species induce gummosis and brown rot on pomelo, orange and lime”
e1“P. citrophthora and P. mekongensis based on the phylogenetic analysis”
Claim · model-written summary
Pomelo was most susceptible, followed by orange and lime.
- Taxon
- pomelo
Citrus maximae0 - Interactor
- PhytophthoraPhytophthorae1pathogen
- Outcome
- most susceptiblee0
- Direction
- most susceptiblee0
- Comparator
- orange and limee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with pomelo being the most susceptible, followed by orange and lime, respectively”
e1“four Phytophthora species”
Claim · model-written summary
Koch’s postulates were confirmed for citrus disease.
- Outcome
- Koch's postulates were confirmede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Koch's postulates were confirmed”
e1“disease in citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
The Phytophthora species were sensitive to the listed fungicides.
- Treatment
- various fungicides including mancozeb, metalaxyl, chlorothalonil, fosetyl aluminium, potassium phosphonate and dimethomorphe0
- Interactor
- Phytophthora speciesPhytophthorae0pathogen
- Outcome
- Phytophthora species were sensitivee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All the Phytophthora species were sensitive to various fungicides including mancozeb, metalaxyl, chlorothalonil, fosetyl aluminium, potassium phosphonate and dimethomorph”
e1“disease in citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
Metalaxyl most strongly inhibited Phytophthora colony growth.
- Treatment
- metalaxyle0
- Interactor
- Phytophthora speciesPhytophthorae1pathogen
- Outcome
- colony growthe0
- Direction
- most potent inhibitore0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“metalaxyl was the most potent inhibitor of colony growth”
e1“All the Phytophthora species were sensitive to various fungicides”
e2“disease in citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
P. mekongensis was first recorded in Northern Vietnam.
- Interactor
- P. mekongensisPhytophthora mekongensise0pathogen
- Outcome
- recorded for the first time in this regione0
- Setting
- Northern Vietname1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. mekongensis being recorded for the first time in this region”
e1“citrus in Northern Vietnam”
The same questions in other papers
dimethomorph · Phytophthora · CitrusResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
metalaxyl · Phytophthora · CitrusResults agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
fosetyl-Al · Phytophthora · CitrusResults agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
fungicide · Phytophthora · CitrusResults agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.