Abstract
From 1991 to 1993, pheromone-based mating disruption for control of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.)was evaluated in seven apple orchards.Each pheromone-treated orchard was paired with a similar orchard without pheromone.Populations of codling moth, secondary pests, and selected natural controls were monitored.The cost of using pheromone dropped nearly $100 per ha from 1991-1993 because of reductions in the price of dispensers and improved application.Growers saved $87-147 in insecticides per ha in pheromone-treated orchards, because of an 83% reduction in sprays for codling moth, but savings from reduced labor and machinery costs in treated orchards were minimal.Damage from codling moth was high in one treated orchard in 1991 (7.4%), and increased to 20.8% in 1992.The population density of codling moth was low in the other orchards (fruit injury < 0.4%) in all three years.Insecticide applications after petal-fall for secondary pests were reduced by 18% in treated orchards.Populations of secondary pests were similar between orchard pairs.Among natural controls only parasitism of leafminers differed significantly between treated and untreated orchards.In 1991, leafrollers caused > 3% fruit injury in three of seven treated orchards, but were not a problem thereafter.Substituting mating disruption for insecticides to manage codling moth in apple orchards may therefore be successful, but for the first three years, may not substantially improve biological control of secondary pests.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Pheromone use cost fell nearly $100 per ha over 1991–1993.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Outcome
- cost of using pheromonee0
- Direction
- droppede0
- Value
- nearly $100 per hae0
- Qualifier
- from 1991-1993e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The cost of using pheromone dropped nearly $100 per ha from 1991-1993 because of reductions in the price of dispensers and improved application.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Growers saved $87–147 in insecticides per ha in treated apple orchards.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- pheromone-treatede0
- Outcome
- insecticides per hae0
- Direction
- savede0
- Value
- $87-147e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growers saved $87-147 in insecticides per ha in pheromone-treated orchards”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Codling moth sprays were reduced by 83%.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- pheromone-based mating disruptiont1
- Interactor
- Cydia pomonella
Cydia pomonellat1pest - Outcome
- sprays for codling mothe0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 83%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an 83% reduction in sprays for codling moth”
t0“apple”
t1“pheromone-based mating disruption for control of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.)was evaluated in seven apple orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
Labor and machinery savings were minimal.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- savings from reduced labor and machinery costse0
- Direction
- minimale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“savings from reduced labor and machinery costs in treated orchards were minimal”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Codling moth damage in one treated orchard was 7.4% in 1991.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- codling mothCydia pomonellae0pest
- Outcome
- Damage from codling mothe0
- Direction
- highe0
- Value
- 7.4%e0
- Qualifier
- one treated orchard in 1991e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Damage from codling moth was high in one treated orchard in 1991 (7.4%)”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Codling moth damage in that orchard rose to 20.8% in 1992.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- codling mothCydia pomonellae0pest
- Outcome
- Damage from codling mothe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 20.8%e0
- Qualifier
- in 1992e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Damage from codling moth was high in one treated orchard in 1991 (7.4%), and increased to 20.8% in 1992.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit injury was below 0.4% in other orchards over all three years.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- codling mothCydia pomonellae0pest
- Outcome
- fruit injurye0
- Direction
- lowe0
- Value
- < 0.4%e0
- Qualifier
- in all three yearse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The population density of codling moth was low in the other orchards (fruit injury < 0.4%) in all three years.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Post-petal-fall insecticide applications against secondary pests fell 18% in treated orchards.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- pheromone-based mating disruptione1
- Outcome
- Insecticide applications after petal-fall for secondary pestse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 18%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Insecticide applications after petal-fall for secondary pests were reduced by 18% in treated orchards.”
t0“apple”
e1“pheromone-based mating disruption for control of codling moth”
Claim · model-written summary
Secondary pest populations were similar between orchard pairs.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- Populations of secondary pestse0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- orchard pairse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Populations of secondary pests were similar between orchard pairs.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Leafminer parasitism was the sole natural-control measure that differed significantly between treated and untreated orchards.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- leafminersAgromyzidaee0pest
- Outcome
- parasitism of leafminerse0
- Comparator
- treated and untreated orchardse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among natural controls only parasitism of leafminers differed significantly between treated and untreated orchards.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Leafrollers caused over 3% fruit injury in three treated orchards in 1991.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- leafrollerse0pest
- Outcome
- fruit injurye0
- Value
- > 3%e0
- Qualifier
- three of seven treated orchardse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1991, leafrollers caused > 3% fruit injury in three of seven treated orchards”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Leafrollers ceased to be a problem after 1991.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- leafrollerse0pest
- Outcome
- were not a problem thereaftere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1991, leafrollers caused > 3% fruit injury in three of seven treated orchards, but were not a problem thereafter.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors conclude mating disruption may manage codling moth but may not greatly improve secondary-pest biological control during the first three years.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Interactor
- codling mothCydia pomonellae0pest
- Outcome
- Substituting mating disruption for insecticides to manage codling mothe0
- Qualifier
- may not substantially improve biological control of secondary pestse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Substituting mating disruption for insecticides to manage codling moth in apple orchards may therefore be successful, but for the first three years, may not substantially improve biological control of secondary pests.”
The same questions in other papers
loss of function · Cydia pomonella · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →loss of function · pest · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.