Abstract
The first crop of organically grown Australian-bred scab resistant apples (Malus × domestica Borkh.) has been produced at an experimental site in Queensland, Australia, characterised by sandy soils and a warm, summer rainfall climate. The planting is in its fourth leaf and consists of one hectare of trees of 'RS103-130'. This selection from the Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Queensland (DPI&F) apple breeding program is a midseason apple resistant to apple scab (caused by Venturia inaequalis). All trees are planted on 'MM.106' rootstock at 5.0m x 1.8m spacing (1111 trees/hectare). With minimal lime sulphur and wettable sulphur sprays, no apple scab has occurred on leaves or fruit of 'RS103-130'. Apple scab infected 4.6% of 'Galaxy' (comparator variety) fruit in the first cropping season. The most significant causes of insect damage to fruit have been native budworms (Heliocoverpa punctigera) and Light Brown Apple Moth (Epiphyas posvittana), however spinosad applications and pheromone disruption are providing effective management of these pests. White clover (Trifolium repens) planted in the alleyways is growing prolifically and appears to be attracting damaging insects, including western flower thrip (Frankliniella occidentalis), away from the trees. Kangaroos (Macropus spp.) have been a problem, attracted to the lush groundcover in dry autumn months and damaging growing points and foliage. Fruit set at the site is excellent and has necessitated some hand thinning. In an experiment to compare the effectiveness of weed mat and sugar cane mulch in weed control, and the effect of supplementary organic compost on tree growth and productivity, larger apples were produced from trees treated with organic compost and sugar cane mulch. Drought and hail are the two primary factors affecting the productivity of organic and conventional apple orchards in Queensland. Hail netting is essential to guarantee the supply of fruit; it moderates the effect of drought and helps control some pest problems.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
The first organic crop of Australian-bred scab resistant apples was produced in Queensland.
- Taxon
- apples
Malus domesticae0 - Outcome
- first crope0
- Setting
- Queensland, Australiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The first crop of organically grown Australian-bred scab resistant apples (Malus × domestica Borkh.) has been produced at an experimental site in Queensland, Australia”
Claim · model-written summary
RS103-130 had no scab on leaves or fruit with minimal sulfur sprays.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Material
- RS103-130e0
- Treatment
- minimal lime sulphur and wettable sulphur sprayse0
- Outcome
- no apple scab has occurred on leaves or fruite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With minimal lime sulphur and wettable sulphur sprays, no apple scab has occurred on leaves or fruit of 'RS103-130'.”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple scab infected 4.6% of Galaxy fruit in the first cropping season.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticae0
- Material
- Galaxye0
- Organ / stage
- fruite0
- Outcome
- Apple scab infectede0
- Value
- 4.6%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple scab infected 4.6% of 'Galaxy' (comparator variety) fruit in the first cropping season.”
Claim · model-written summary
Native budworms were among the most significant causes of apple fruit insect damage.
Verbatim
e0“The most significant causes of insect damage to fruit have been native budworms (Heliocoverpa punctigera) and Light Brown Apple Moth (Epiphyas posvittana)”
Claim · model-written summary
Light Brown Apple Moth was among the most significant causes of apple fruit insect damage.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- Epiphyas posvittanae0pest
- Outcome
- insect damage to fruite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APPLE”
e0“The most significant causes of insect damage to fruit have been native budworms (Heliocoverpa punctigera) and Light Brown Apple Moth (Epiphyas posvittana)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinosad applications and pheromone disruption effectively managed apple insect pests.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- spinosad applications and pheromone disruptione0
- Outcome
- effective management of these pestse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APPLE”
e0“spinosad applications and pheromone disruption are providing effective management of these pests.”
Claim · model-written summary
White clover grew prolifically in apple orchard alleyways.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- Trifolium repens
Trifolium repense0other - Outcome
- growing prolificallye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APPLE”
e0“White clover (Trifolium repens) planted in the alleyways is growing prolifically”
Claim · model-written summary
White clover appeared to attract western flower thrips away from apple trees.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- Frankliniella occidentalis
Frankliniella occidentalise0pest - Second interactor
- Trifolium repensTrifolium repense0other
- Outcome
- attracting damaging insects, including western flower thrip (Frankliniella occidentalis), away from the treese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APPLE”
e0“White clover (Trifolium repens) planted in the alleyways is growing prolifically and appears to be attracting damaging insects, including western flower thrip (Frankliniella occidentalis), away from the trees.”
Claim · model-written summary
Kangaroos damaged growing points and foliage of apple trees during dry autumn months.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- damaging growing points and foliagee0
- Qualifier
- dry autumn monthse0
MacropusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APPLE”
e0“Kangaroos (Macropus spp.) have been a problem, attracted to the lush groundcover in dry autumn months and damaging growing points and foliage.”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple fruit set was excellent and required some hand thinning.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- Fruit sete0
- Qualifier
- excellente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APPLE”
e0“Fruit set at the site is excellent and has necessitated some hand thinning.”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic compost and sugar cane mulch produced larger apples.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- organic compost and sugar cane mulche0
- Outcome
- applese0
- Direction
- largere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“larger apples were produced from trees treated with organic compost and sugar cane mulch.”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought and hail were the primary factors affecting orchard productivity in Queensland.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- productivity of organic and conventional apple orchardse0
- Qualifier
- Drought and haile0
- Setting
- Queenslande0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought and hail are the two primary factors affecting the productivity of organic and conventional apple orchards in Queensland.”
Claim · model-written summary
Hail netting is recommended to guarantee fruit supply.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- Hail netting is essential to guarantee the supply of fruite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APPLE”
e0“Hail netting is essential to guarantee the supply of fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Hail netting moderates drought effects and helps control some pest problems.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- moderates the effect of drought and helps control some pest problemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APPLE”
e0“it moderates the effect of drought and helps control some pest problems.”
The same questions in other papers
spinosad · pest · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
loss of function · pest · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.