Abstract
Seven maize (Zea mays L.) and three soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] field experiments were conducted from 2006 to 2009 at various locations in southern Ontario, Canada to determine the tolerance of these crops to late applications of the maximum labeled herbicide dose. Single and sequential (simulating a spray overlap) applications were evaluated for visible injury, plant height, and crop yield in the absence of weed competition. Maize exhibited excellent tolerance to herbicides applied at the 9- to 10-leaf growth stage as visible injury levels for almost all tested herbicides was similar to the untreated control 7 days after treatment (DAT). However, the sequential application of dicamba/diflufenzopyr or foramsulfuron caused 6 and 8% injury 7 DAT and 8 and 14% reduction in maize height 28 DAT, respectively. The observed injury and stunting were transient as there were no differences in yield at harvest. Soybean displayed good tolerance to most herbicides applied at the 7th trifoliate leaf growth stage as visible injury levels were similar to the untreated control. However, thifensulfuron-methyl was injurious regardless of application and imazethapyr was injurious with sequential applications. For example, single thifensulfuron-methyl, sequential thifensulfuron-methyl, and sequential imazethapyr application treatments caused 35, 48, and 25% injury 7 DAT, respectively. Sequential thifensulfuron-methyl treatments also caused a 28 and 17% reduction in soybean height 14 and 28 DAT, respectively. Visual injury continued to be detected up to 56 DAT for single thifensulfuron-methyl, sequential thifensulfuron-methyl, and sequential imazethapyr treatments. But, soybean yields were reduced by 10% for only sequential thifensulfuron-methyl application treatments. For all other herbicides tested, the yields at harvest were similar to the untreated control. This research demonstrated that maize had exceptional tolerance to all the herbicides used in this study whereas soybean was tolerant to most of the herbicides used in this study.
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The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Maize applied with herbicides at the 9- to 10-leaf stage showed visible injury similar to the untreated control 7 DAT for almost all herbicides.
- Treatment
- herbicides applied at the 9- to 10-leaf growth stagee0
- Outcome
- visible injury levelse0
- Direction
- similare0
- Qualifier
- 7 days after treatment (DAT)e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize exhibited excellent tolerance to herbicides applied at the 9- to 10-leaf growth stage as visible injury levels for almost all tested herbicides was similar to the untreated control 7 days after treatment (DAT)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sequential dicamba/diflufenzopyr caused 6% maize injury 7 DAT.
- Treatment
- dicamba/diflufenzopyre0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 6e0
- Qualifier
- sequential applicatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the sequential application of dicamba/diflufenzopyr or foramsulfuron caused 6 and 8% injury 7 DAT and 8 and 14% reduction in maize height 28 DAT”
Claim · model-written summary
Sequential foramsulfuron caused 8% maize injury 7 DAT.
- Treatment
- foramsulfurone0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 8%e0
- Qualifier
- sequential applicatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the sequential application of dicamba/diflufenzopyr or foramsulfuron caused 6 and 8% injury 7 DAT and 8 and 14% reduction in maize height 28 DAT”
Claim · model-written summary
Sequential dicamba/diflufenzopyr caused 8% reduction in maize height 28 DAT.
- Treatment
- dicamba/diflufenzopyre0
- Outcome
- maize heighte0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 8e0
- Qualifier
- sequential applicatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the sequential application of dicamba/diflufenzopyr or foramsulfuron caused 6 and 8% injury 7 DAT and 8 and 14% reduction in maize height 28 DAT”
Claim · model-written summary
Sequential foramsulfuron caused 14% reduction in maize height 28 DAT.
- Treatment
- foramsulfurone0
- Outcome
- maize heighte0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 14%e0
- Qualifier
- sequential applicatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the sequential application of dicamba/diflufenzopyr or foramsulfuron caused 6 and 8% injury 7 DAT and 8 and 14% reduction in maize height 28 DAT”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize yield at harvest did not differ, so injury and stunting were transient.
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The observed injury and stunting were transient as there were no differences in yield at harvest”
e1“Maize exhibited excellent tolerance”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean showed visible injury similar to the untreated control for most herbicides applied at the 7th trifoliate stage.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- most herbicides applied at the 7th trifoliate leaf growth stagee0
- Outcome
- visible injury levelse0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean displayed good tolerance to most herbicides applied at the 7th trifoliate leaf growth stage as visible injury levels were similar to the untreated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Thifensulfuron-methyl was injurious to soybean regardless of application type.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Outcome
- injuriouse0
- Qualifier
- regardless of applicatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“thifensulfuron-methyl was injurious regardless of application”
e1“Soybean displayed good tolerance”
Claim · model-written summary
Imazethapyr was injurious to soybean with sequential applications.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Outcome
- injuriouse0
- Qualifier
- sequential applicationse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“imazethapyr was injurious with sequential applications”
e1“Soybean displayed good tolerance”
Claim · model-written summary
Single thifensulfuron-methyl caused 35% soybean injury 7 DAT.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- single thifensulfuron-methyle0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 35e0
- Qualifier
- 7 DATe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“single thifensulfuron-methyl, sequential thifensulfuron-methyl, and sequential imazethapyr application treatments caused 35, 48, and 25% injury 7 DAT, respectively”
e1“Soybean displayed good tolerance”
Claim · model-written summary
Sequential thifensulfuron-methyl caused 48% soybean injury 7 DAT.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- sequential thifensulfuron-methyle0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 48e0
- Qualifier
- 7 DATe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“single thifensulfuron-methyl, sequential thifensulfuron-methyl, and sequential imazethapyr application treatments caused 35, 48, and 25% injury 7 DAT, respectively”
e1“Soybean displayed good tolerance”
Claim · model-written summary
Sequential imazethapyr caused 25% soybean injury 7 DAT.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- sequential imazethapyre0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 25%e0
- Qualifier
- 7 DATe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“single thifensulfuron-methyl, sequential thifensulfuron-methyl, and sequential imazethapyr application treatments caused 35, 48, and 25% injury 7 DAT, respectively”
e1“Soybean displayed good tolerance”
Claim · model-written summary
Sequential thifensulfuron-methyl reduced soybean height by 17% at 28 DAT.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Sequential thifensulfuron-methyle0
- Outcome
- soybean heighte0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 17%e0
- Qualifier
- 28 DATe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sequential thifensulfuron-methyl treatments also caused a 28 and 17% reduction in soybean height 14 and 28 DAT, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Visual soybean injury continued to be detected up to 56 DAT for single and sequential thifensulfuron-methyl and sequential imazethapyr.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Outcome
- Visual injurye0
- Qualifier
- up to 56 DATe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Visual injury continued to be detected up to 56 DAT for single thifensulfuron-methyl, sequential thifensulfuron-methyl, and sequential imazethapyr treatments”
e1“Soybean displayed good tolerance”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean yields were reduced by 10% only with sequential thifensulfuron-methyl application.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- sequential thifensulfuron-methyl applicatione0
- Outcome
- soybean yieldse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 10%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean yields were reduced by 10% for only sequential thifensulfuron-methyl application treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
For all other herbicides, soybean yields at harvest were similar to the untreated control.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- all other herbicidese0
- Outcome
- yields at harveste0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For all other herbicides tested, the yields at harvest were similar to the untreated control”
e1“Soybean displayed good tolerance”
The same questions in other papers
foramsulfuron · growth · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
dicamba · crop injury · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- no effect
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →foramsulfuron · crop injury · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →dicamba · growth · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 10 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
8 papers more in this group
See all 12 papers →Imazethapyr · crop injury · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
12 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- no effect
12 papers more in this group
See all 16 papers →thifensulfuron-methyl · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
thifensulfuron-methyl · crop injury · Glycine max (soybean)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
herbicide · crop injury · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
47 papers in the same direction as this paper · 24 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
68 papers more in this group
See all 72 papers →8 of 12 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.