Abstract
Water-run inoculation is a novel means of inoculating crop legumes with species of Rhizobium or Bradyrhizobiunz. Inoculant suspended in irrigation water is delivered into the seedbed. This procedure may be apt for situations when a farmer has limited time to sow a large area and more conventional and timeconsuming means of inoculation may create a bottleneck during sowing. Field experiments with water-run inoculation of irrigated soybeans were conducted at 2 sites using furrow or flood irrigation. With furrow irrigation immediately after sowing, rhizobia-laden water had to infiltrate the soil laterally a distance of about 18 cm to reach the seed sown in single rows on hills (parallel ridges). With flood irrigation before sowing, water needed to percolate vertically only 5 cm to sowing depth. A peat inoculant of B. japonicum remained uniformly in suspension during flow of irrigation water over periods of 45 min and distances of 80 m from the point where the inoculant was introduced. With furrow irrigation on a poorly structured red brown earth, water-run inoculation applied at the normal (commercially recommended) rate did not initiate a satisfactory soybean symbiosis and was inferior to the more conventional methods, seed coat and seedbed inoculation. Rhizobial colonisation of seedling rhizospheres was limited, nodulation was sparse, and low numbers of B. japonicum re-established in the soil after harvest. Symbiosis was improved by higher rates of inoculation and was particularly enhanced in an area where the irrigation water ponded for 3-4 h allowing more time for the rhizobia-laden water to percolate the soil. With flood irrigation on a grey clay, an approximately normal rate of water-run inoculation induced an effective symbiosis especially when compared with lower rates of inoculation. Substantial populations of rhizobia developed in soybean rhizospheres, plant growth and nitrogen (N) content were enhanced, and higher levels of N2 fixation led to increased levels of N in the seed. We conclude that water-run inoculation is not an appropriate means of legume inoculation in furrow-irrigated systems on poorly structured soils but it may be a practical option for inoculation of crop legumes grown under flood irrigation.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
B. japonicum peat inoculant remained uniformly suspended during irrigation flow for 45 min and 80 m.
- Taxon
- soybeans
Glycine maxt0 - Interactor
- B. japonicume0symbiont
- Outcome
- remained uniformly in suspensione0
- Value
- 45 mine0
- Qualifier
- distances of 80 me0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A peat inoculant of B. japonicum remained uniformly in suspension during flow of irrigation water over periods of 45 min and distances of 80 m”
t0“irrigated soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
Normal-rate furrow water-run inoculation did not initiate satisfactory soybean symbiosis and was inferior to seed coat and seedbed inoculation.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- water-run inoculation applied at the normal (commercially recommended) ratee0
- Outcome
- soybean symbiosise0
- Direction
- inferiore0
- Comparator
- seed coat and seedbed inoculatione0
- Setting
- furrow irrigation on a poorly structured red brown earthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With furrow irrigation on a poorly structured red brown earth, water-run inoculation applied at the normal (commercially recommended) rate did not initiate a satisfactory soybean symbiosis and was inferior to the more conventional methods, seed coat and seedbed inoculation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under furrow irrigation, rhizobial colonisation was limited, nodulation sparse and B. japonicum soil persistence low.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Interactor
- B. japonicume0symbiont
- Outcome
- Rhizobial colonisation of seedling rhizospherese0
- Direction
- limitede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rhizobial colonisation of seedling rhizospheres was limited, nodulation was sparse, and low numbers of B. japonicum re-established in the soil after harvest.”
t0“irrigated soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher inoculation rates improved soybean symbiosis.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- higher rates of inoculatione0
- Outcome
- Symbiosise0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- normal (commercially recommended) ratee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Symbiosis was improved by higher rates of inoculation”
e1“water-run inoculation applied at the normal (commercially recommended) rate did not initiate a satisfactory soybean symbiosis”
t0“irrigated soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
Ponded irrigation water for 3-4 h particularly enhanced soybean symbiosis.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- irrigation water ponded for 3-4 he0
- Outcome
- Symbiosise0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Symbiosis was improved by higher rates of inoculation and was particularly enhanced in an area where the irrigation water ponded for 3-4 h allowing more time for the rhizobia-laden water to percolate the soil.”
t0“irrigated soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
Flood irrigation with approximately normal water-run inoculation induced effective soybean symbiosis compared with lower rates.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- approximately normal rate of water-run inoculatione0
- Outcome
- effective symbiosise0
- Comparator
- lower rates of inoculatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an approximately normal rate of water-run inoculation induced an effective symbiosis especially when compared with lower rates of inoculation.”
t0“irrigated soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
Under flood irrigation, substantial rhizobial populations developed in soybean rhizospheres.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Interactor
- rhizobiae0symbiont
- Outcome
- Substantial populations of rhizobiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Substantial populations of rhizobia developed in soybean rhizospheres”
Claim · model-written summary
Under flood irrigation, soybean growth and nitrogen content were enhanced.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- flood irrigatione1
- Outcome
- plant growth and nitrogen (N) contente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant growth and nitrogen (N) content were enhanced”
e1“With flood irrigation on a grey clay, an approximately normal rate of water-run inoculation induced an effective symbiosis”
t0“irrigated soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen fixation increased soybean seed nitrogen.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- N in the seede0
- Qualifier
- higher levels of N2 fixatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher levels of N2 fixation led to increased levels of N in the seed.”
t0“irrigated soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
Water-run inoculation was deemed unsuitable for furrow-irrigated legumes on poorly structured soils.
Verbatim
e0“water-run inoculation is not an appropriate means of legume inoculation in furrow-irrigated systems on poorly structured soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Water-run inoculation may be practical for flood-irrigated crop legumes.
Verbatim
e0“it may be a practical option for inoculation of crop legumes grown under flood irrigation.”
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See all 114 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.