Abstract
SUMMARY Snap bean genotypes ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with different ozone (O 3 ) sensitivities (line S156: O 3 -sensitive; line R123: O 3 -tolerant) were grown for 70 days with or without inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi under ambient ( C AMB = 20 nanolitres (nl)/l and elevated ( C MID = '50 nl/l and C HIG = 80 nl/l) O 3 . Sequential determinations (leaf injury, pigment concentration, chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthesis, etc) were carried out during plant growth to evaluate mycorrhizal influence on the photosynthetic function of the two genotypes under elevated O 3 . Inoculation with AM fungi alleviated leaf injury in both genotypes and delayed time of injury manifestation (TIM) in the R123 line at the blooming stage (growth stage (GS): 61-65 (Zadoks scale, Zadoks et al . 1974), 30–35 days after the onset of O 3 fumigation), but mycorrhizal effect was slight at the initial growth stage (GS 11–13, 0–5 days after onset of O 3 fumigation). Relative to the non-mycorrhizal plant, AM fungi inoculation increased the concentrations of chlorophyll (Chl) a, Chl b and carotenoids in S156 plants, regardless of O 3 levels, while in R123 plants a similar effect was observed only in the C AMB treatment. At the blooming (GS 61–65) and the pod filling (GS 71–77, 45–50 days after starting O 3 fumigation) stages, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate for the two genotypes decreased with elevated O 3 in all treatments, although the effect was reduced in C AMB and C MID treatments in AM-inoculated plants; however, the mycorrhizal effect was slight in the C HIG treatment. Intercellular carbon dioxide concentration increased with elevated O 3 regardless of AM fungi inoculation, but it was lower in the mycorrhizal plants than in the non-mycorrhizal plants, in most cases. Furthermore, AM fungi inoculation significantly increased the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (PS II) photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and electron transport rate in both genotypes in the C HIG treatment. The present study indicated that in some cases, AM fungi inoculation can enhance plant tolerance to elevated O 3 through improving plant photosynthetic function, but the effect was reduced by serious O 3 stress.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
AM fungal inoculation alleviated leaf injury in both snap bean genotypes.
- Taxon
- snap beant0
- Treatment
- Inoculation with AM fungie0
- Interactor
- AM fungiGlomeromycotae0symbiont
- Outcome
- leaf injurye0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with AM fungi alleviated leaf injury in both genotypes”
t0“snap bean”
Claim · model-written summary
AM fungal inoculation delayed injury onset in R123 at blooming.
- Taxon
- snap beant0
- Material
- R123 linee0
- Organ / stage
- blooming stagee0
- Treatment
- AM fungi inoculatione1
- Interactor
- AM fungiGlomeromycotae1symbiont
- Outcome
- time of injury manifestation (TIM)e0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“delayed time of injury manifestation (TIM) in the R123 line at the blooming stage”
t0“snap bean”
e1“AM fungi inoculation increased the concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
The mycorrhizal effect was slight early in growth.
Verbatim
e0“mycorrhizal effect was slight at the initial growth stage (GS 11–13, 0–5 days after onset of O 3 fumigation)”
t0“snap bean”
Claim · model-written summary
In S156, AM inoculation increased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids regardless of ozone level.
Verbatim
e0“AM fungi inoculation increased the concentrations of chlorophyll (Chl) a, Chl b and carotenoids in S156 plants, regardless of O 3 levels”
t0“snap bean”
e1“Relative to the non-mycorrhizal plant”
Claim · model-written summary
In R123, pigment concentrations rose with AM inoculation only under ambient ozone.
- Taxon
- snap beant0
- Material
- R123e0
- Treatment
- AM fungi inoculatione1
- Interactor
- AM fungiGlomeromycotae1symbiont
- Outcome
- concentrations of chlorophyll (Chl) a, Chl b and carotenoidse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- only in the C AMB treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“while in R123 plants a similar effect was observed only in the C AMB treatment”
t0“snap bean”
e1“AM fungi inoculation increased the concentrations of chlorophyll (Chl) a, Chl b and carotenoids”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated ozone decreased photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate in both genotypes.
- Taxon
- snap beant0
- Treatment
- elevated O 3e0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration ratee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate for the two genotypes decreased with elevated O 3 in all treatments”
t0“snap bean”
Claim · model-written summary
AM inoculation reduced the ozone effect under ambient and mid ozone levels.
- Taxon
- snap beant0
- Treatment
- AM-inoculatede0
- Interactor
- AMe1symbiont
- Outcome
- the effecte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- C AMB and C MID treatmentse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the effect was reduced in C AMB and C MID treatments in AM-inoculated plants”
t0“snap bean”
e1“AM fungi inoculation increased the concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
The mycorrhizal effect was slight under high ozone.
Verbatim
e0“the mycorrhizal effect was slight in the C HIG treatment”
t0“snap bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercellular carbon dioxide concentration increased with elevated ozone.
- Taxon
- snap beant0
- Treatment
- elevated O 3e0
- Outcome
- Intercellular carbon dioxide concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- regardless of AM fungi inoculatione0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Intercellular carbon dioxide concentration increased with elevated O 3 regardless of AM fungi inoculation”
t0“snap bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercellular carbon dioxide was usually lower in mycorrhizal than nonmycorrhizal plants.
Verbatim
e0“it was lower in the mycorrhizal plants than in the non-mycorrhizal plants, in most cases”
t0“snap bean”
e1“Intercellular carbon dioxide concentration”
e2“AM fungi inoculation increased the concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
Under high ozone, AM inoculation significantly increased PS II maximum quantum yield and electron transport rate in both genotypes.
- Taxon
- snap beant0
- Treatment
- AM fungi inoculatione0
- Interactor
- AM fungiGlomeromycotae0symbiont
- Outcome
- maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (PS II) photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and electron transport ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- C HIG treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“AM fungi inoculation significantly increased the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (PS II) photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and electron transport rate in both genotypes in the C HIG treatment”
t0“snap bean”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded AM inoculation can enhance ozone tolerance by improving photosynthesis, with less benefit under severe stress.
Verbatim
e0“AM fungi inoculation can enhance plant tolerance to elevated O 3 through improving plant photosynthetic function, but the effect was reduced by serious O 3 stress”
t0“snap bean”
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See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.