Abstract
Despite the relevance of volatile production for overall quality of apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) fruit, only a few studies have focused on the effects of calcium treatments on this quality attribute. In this work, 'Fuji Kiku-8' apples were harvested at commercial maturity, dipped in calcium chloride (2%, w/v), stored at 1 degrees C and 92% relative humidity for 4 or 7 months under either air or ultralow oxygen (ULO; 1 kPa of O(2)/2 kPa of CO(2)), and placed subsequently at 20 degrees C. Ethylene production, standard quality parameters, emission of volatile compounds, and the activities of some related enzymes were assessed 7 days thereafter. Calcium concentration was higher in CaCl(2)-treated than in untreated fruit, suggesting that the treatment was effective in introducing calcium into the tissues. Higher calcium contents were concomitant with higher flesh firmness and titratable acidity after storage. Furthermore, calcium treatment led to increased production of volatiles in middle-term stored apples, probably arising from enhanced supply of precursors for ester production as a consequence of increased pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activities. After long-term storage, higher volatile emission might have arisen also from the enhancement of alcohol o-acyltransferase (AAT) activity, which was increased as a result of calcium treatment. In addition to storage period, the effects of calcium treatment were also partially dependent on storage atmosphere and more noticeable for fruit stored in air.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium chloride dips increased fruit calcium concentration.
- Taxon
- Apples
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- CaCl(2)-treatede0
- Outcome
- Calcium concentratione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- untreated fruite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Calcium concentration was higher in CaCl(2)-treated than in untreated fruit”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher calcium content accompanied higher flesh firmness after storage.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Compound
- calciume0
- Outcome
- flesh firmnesse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- after storagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher calcium contents were concomitant with higher flesh firmness and titratable acidity after storage.”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher calcium content accompanied higher titratable acidity after storage.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Compound
- calciume0
- Outcome
- titratable aciditye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- after storagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher calcium contents were concomitant with higher flesh firmness and titratable acidity after storage.”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium treatment increased volatile production after middle-term storage.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- calcium treatmente0
- Outcome
- production of volatilese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- middle-term stored applese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“calcium treatment led to increased production of volatiles in middle-term stored apples”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased PDC and ADH activities may have enhanced ester precursor supply.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Gene
- pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)e0
- Outcome
- enhanced supply of precursors for ester productione0
- Qualifier
- probablye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“probably arising from enhanced supply of precursors for ester production as a consequence of increased pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activities.”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium treatment increased alcohol o-acyltransferase activity.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- calcium treatmente0
- Gene
- alcohol o-acyltransferase (AAT)e0
- Outcome
- alcohol o-acyltransferase (AAT) activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alcohol o-acyltransferase (AAT) activity, which was increased as a result of calcium treatment.”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Enhanced AAT activity may contribute to higher volatile emission after long-term storage.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Gene
- alcohol o-acyltransferase (AAT)e0
- Outcome
- volatile emissione0
- Qualifier
- might have arisene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After long-term storage, higher volatile emission might have arisen also from the enhancement of alcohol o-acyltransferase (AAT) activity”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium effects were more noticeable for fruit stored in air.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- storage atmospheree0
- Outcome
- effects of calcium treatmente0
- Direction
- more noticeablee0
- Setting
- aire0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of calcium treatment were also partially dependent on storage atmosphere and more noticeable for fruit stored in air.”
t0“Apples”
The same questions in other papers
calcium atom · quality: phytochemicals · Malus domestica (apple)Results differ
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →calcium dichloride · nutrient: content · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
12 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
9 papers more in this group
See all 13 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.