Abstract
The potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans secretes an array of effector proteins thought to act in its hosts by disarming defences and promoting pathogen colonisation. However, little is known about the host targets of these effectors and how they are manipulated by the pathogen. This work describes the identification of two putative membrane-associated NAC transcription factors (TF) as the host targets of the RxLR effector PITG_03192 (Pi03192). The effector interacts with NAC Targeted by Phytophthora (NTP) 1 and NTP2 at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, where these proteins are localised. Transcripts of NTP1 and NTP2 rapidly accumulate following treatment with culture filtrate (CF) from in vitro grown P. infestans, which acts as a mixture of Phytophthora PAMPs and elicitors, but significantly decrease during P. infestans infection, indicating that pathogen activity may prevent their up-regulation. Silencing of NTP1 or NTP2 in the model host plant Nicotiana benthamiana increases susceptibility to P. infestans, whereas silencing of Pi03192 in P. infestans reduces pathogenicity. Transient expression of Pi03192 in planta restores pathogenicity of the Pi03192-silenced line. Moreover, colonisation by the Pi03192-silenced line is significantly enhanced on N. benthamiana plants in which either NTP1 or NTP2 have been silenced. StNTP1 and StNTP2 proteins are released from the ER membrane following treatment with P. infestans CF and accumulate in the nucleus, after which they are rapidly turned over by the 26S proteasome. In contrast, treatment with the defined PAMP flg22 fails to up-regulate NTP1 and NTP2, or promote re-localisation of their protein products to the nucleus, indicating that these events follow perception of a component of CF that appears to be independent of the FLS2/flg22 pathway. Importantly, Pi03192 prevents CF-triggered re-localisation of StNTP1 and StNTP2 from the ER into the nucleus, revealing a novel effector mode-of-action to promote disease progression.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Two putative membrane-associated NAC transcription factors were identified as Pi03192 host targets.
- Taxon
- potato
Solanum tuberosumt0 - Gene
- NAC transcription factorse0
- Outcome
- host targetse0
Not reportedInteractor
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“identification of two putative membrane-associated NAC transcription factors (TF) as the host targets of the RxLR effector PITG_03192 (Pi03192)”
t0“The potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
Pi03192 interacts with NTP1 and NTP2 at the ER membrane.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Organ / stage
- endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranee0
- Gene
- NTPe0
- Outcome
- interacts with NAC Targeted by Phytophthora (NTP) 1 and NTP2e0
Not reportedInteractor
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effector interacts with NAC Targeted by Phytophthora (NTP) 1 and NTP2 at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, where these proteins are localised.”
t0“The potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
NTP1 and NTP2 transcripts rapidly accumulate after P. infestans culture filtrate treatment.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- culture filtrate (CF)e0
- Interactor
- P. infestans
Phytophthora infestanse0pathogen - Gene
- NTP1 and NTP2e0
- Outcome
- Transcripts of NTP1 and NTP2e0
- Direction
- accumulatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transcripts of NTP1 and NTP2 rapidly accumulate following treatment with culture filtrate (CF) from in vitro grown P. infestans”
t0“The potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
NTP1 and NTP2 transcripts significantly decrease during P. infestans infection.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Interactor
- P. infestansPhytophthora infestanse0pathogen
- Outcome
- Transcripts of NTP1 and NTP2e0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Setting
- during P. infestans infectione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transcripts of NTP1 and NTP2 rapidly accumulate following treatment with culture filtrate (CF) from in vitro grown P. infestans, which acts as a mixture of Phytophthora PAMPs and elicitors, but significantly decrease during P. infestans infection”
t0“The potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
Silencing NTP1 in Nicotiana benthamiana increases susceptibility to P. infestans.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamiana
Nicotiana benthamianae0 - Treatment
- Silencing of NTP1e0
- Interactor
- P. infestansPhytophthora infestanse0pathogen
- Gene
- NTP1e0
- Outcome
- susceptibility to P. infestanse0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Silencing of NTP1 or NTP2 in the model host plant Nicotiana benthamiana increases susceptibility to P. infestans”
t0“The potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
Silencing NTP2 in Nicotiana benthamiana increases susceptibility to P. infestans.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Treatment
- Silencing of NTP1 or NTP2e0
- Interactor
- P. infestansPhytophthora infestanse0pathogen
- Gene
- NTP2e0
- Outcome
- susceptibility to P. infestanse0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Silencing of NTP1 or NTP2 in the model host plant Nicotiana benthamiana increases susceptibility to P. infestans”
t0“The potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
Silencing Pi03192 in P. infestans reduces its pathogenicity.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- silencing of Pi03192e0
- Interactor
- P. infestansPhytophthora infestanse0pathogen
- Gene
- Pi03192e0
- Outcome
- pathogenicitye0
- Direction
- reducese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“silencing of Pi03192 in P. infestans reduces pathogenicity”
t0“The potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
Transient Pi03192 expression in plants restores pathogenicity of the Pi03192-silenced line.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- Transient expression of Pi03192e0
- Gene
- Pi03192e0
- Outcome
- pathogenicitye0
- Direction
- restorese0
- Comparator
- Pi03192-silenced linee0
Not reportedInteractor
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transient expression of Pi03192 in planta restores pathogenicity of the Pi03192-silenced line.”
t0“The potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
NTP1-silenced Nicotiana plants enhance colonisation by the Pi03192-silenced line.
- Taxon
- N. benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Treatment
- NTP1e0
- Outcome
- colonisation by the Pi03192-silenced linee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedInteractorComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“colonisation by the Pi03192-silenced line is significantly enhanced on N. benthamiana plants in which either NTP1 or NTP2 have been silenced”
t0“The potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
NTP2-silenced Nicotiana plants enhance colonisation by the Pi03192-silenced line.
- Taxon
- N. benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Treatment
- NTP2e0
- Outcome
- colonisation by the Pi03192-silenced linee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedInteractorComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“colonisation by the Pi03192-silenced line is significantly enhanced on N. benthamiana plants in which either NTP1 or NTP2 have been silenced”
t0“The potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
P. infestans culture filtrate releases StNTP1 and StNTP2 from the ER and they accumulate in the nucleus.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- P. infestans CFe0
- Interactor
- P. infestansPhytophthora infestanse0pathogen
- Gene
- StNTP1 and StNTP2e0
- Outcome
- StNTP1 and StNTP2 proteinse0
- Direction
- accumulatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“StNTP1 and StNTP2 proteins are released from the ER membrane following treatment with P. infestans CF and accumulate in the nucleus”
t0“The potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
The 26S proteasome rapidly turns over StNTP1 and StNTP2 after nuclear accumulation.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Gene
- 26S proteasomee0
- Outcome
- turned overe0
Not reportedInteractor
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“after which they are rapidly turned over by the 26S proteasome”
t0“The potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
Flg22 fails to up-regulate NTP1 and NTP2.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- flg22e0
- Outcome
- NTP1 and NTP2e0
- Direction
- fails to up-regulatee0
Not reportedInteractorComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatment with the defined PAMP flg22 fails to up-regulate NTP1 and NTP2”
t0“The potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
Flg22 fails to relocate NTP1 and NTP2 protein products to the nucleus.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- flg22e0
- Outcome
- re-localisation of their protein products to the nucleuse0
Not reportedInteractorComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatment with the defined PAMP flg22 fails to up-regulate NTP1 and NTP2, or promote re-localisation of their protein products to the nucleus”
t0“The potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
Pi03192 prevents culture filtrate-triggered relocation of StNTP1 and StNTP2 into the nucleus.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- Pi03192e0
- Gene
- StNTP1 and StNTP2e0
- Outcome
- CF-triggered re-localisation of StNTP1 and StNTP2e0
- Direction
- preventse0
Not reportedInteractorComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pi03192 prevents CF-triggered re-localisation of StNTP1 and StNTP2 from the ER into the nucleus”
t0“The potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans”
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