Abstract
Abstract The annual nitrogen (N) budget was measured in a soybean-cultivated upland field during the first year after conversion from a paddy field on gray lowland soil, which is typically found on the Sea of Japan side of northern Japan. Forage rice was cultivated on lysimeter fields for 4 consecutive years with applications of chemical fertilizer, immature compost, or mature compost (the control, immature compost, and mature compost plots, respectively), and then the fields were converted to upland fields for soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill cultivar Ryuho) cultivation. Input (seed, bulk N deposition, and symbiotic dinitrogen [N2] fixation) and output (harvested grain, leached N via drainage water, and nitrous oxide emission) N flows were measured, and the field N budget was estimated from the difference between the input and output. The soybean plants in the immature and mature compost plots grew well and had higher yields (498–511 g m)−2) compared to the control plot (410 g m)−2). Total N accumulation in the soybean plants derived from N2 fixation (g N m)−2) in the mature compost plot (27.7) was higher than those in the control (18.1) and immature compost plots (19.9). Percentages of soybean N accumulation derived from N2 fixation ranged from 53% to 74%. N derived from symbiotic N2 fixation accounted for more than 90% of the total N input, whereas harvested grain accounted for approximately 85% of the total N output. N leaching mainly occurred during the fallow period, accounting for 13–15% of the total N output. The annual N budgets were negative (−10.0,−14.2, and −6.4 g N m)−2 year)−1 for the control, immature compost, andmature compost plots, respectively). The Nloss from the immature compost plot was higher than that of the control plot, because the N output in harvested grain was higher, and the N input by N2 fixation was similar between plots. While the N loss from the mature compost plot was lower than that of the control plot because the N output in harvested grain was higher, as was the case in the immature compost plot, the N input by N2 fixation was also higher. Preceding compost application—whether immature or mature compost—to paddy fields increased the subsequent soybean yield during the first year after conversion. This result suggests that N loss and the following decrease in soil N availability in the field could be mitigated by increased N2 fixation resulting from mature compost application with an appropriate application practice.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Immature compost plots yielded more soybean than control plots.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- immaturee0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 498–511 g m)−2e0
- Qualifier
- 410 g m)−2e0
- Comparator
- control plote0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The soybean plants in the immature and mature compost plots grew well and had higher yields (498–511 g m)−2) compared to the control plot (410 g m)−2).”
Claim · model-written summary
Mature compost plots yielded more soybean than control plots.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- mature composte0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 498–511 g m)−2e0
- Comparator
- control plote0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The soybean plants in the immature and mature compost plots grew well and had higher yields (498–511 g m)−2) compared to the control plot (410 g m)−2).”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean nitrogen accumulation from fixation was higher with mature compost than in control and immature compost plots.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- mature compost plote0
- Outcome
- Total N accumulation in the soybean plants derived from N2 fixatione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 27.7e0
- Qualifier
- immature compost plots (19.9)e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total N accumulation in the soybean plants derived from N2 fixation (g N m)−2) in the mature compost plot (27.7) was higher than those in the control (18.1) and immature compost plots (19.9).”
Claim · model-written summary
The percentage of soybean nitrogen accumulation derived from fixation ranged from 53% to 74%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- soybean N accumulation derived from N2 fixatione0
- Value
- 53% to 74%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Percentages of soybean N accumulation derived from N2 fixation ranged from 53% to 74%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation supplied more than 90% of total nitrogen input.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“N derived from symbiotic N2 fixation accounted for more than 90% of the total N input”
Claim · model-written summary
Harvested grain accounted for approximately 85% of total nitrogen output.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- total N outpute0
- Value
- approximately 85%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“harvested grain accounted for approximately 85% of the total N output”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen leaching occurred mainly during fallow and represented 13–15% of total output.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- N leachinge0
- Value
- 13–15%e0
- Qualifier
- during the fallow periode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N leaching mainly occurred during the fallow period, accounting for 13–15% of the total N output”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The control plot annual nitrogen budget was negative at −10.0 g N m)−2 year)−1.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The annual N budgets were negative (−10.0,−14.2, and −6.4 g N m)−2 year)−1 for the control, immature compost, andmature compost plots, respectively).”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The immature compost plot annual nitrogen budget was negative at −14.2 g N m)−2 year)−1.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- immature composte0
- Outcome
- annual N budgetse0
- Direction
- negativee0
- Value
- −14.2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The annual N budgets were negative (−10.0,−14.2, and −6.4 g N m)−2 year)−1 for the control, immature compost, andmature compost plots, respectively).”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The mature compost plot annual nitrogen budget was negative at −6.4 g N m)−2 year)−1.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- mature composte0
- Outcome
- annual N budgetse0
- Direction
- negativee0
- Value
- −6.4 g N m)−2 year)−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The annual N budgets were negative (−10.0,−14.2, and −6.4 g N m)−2 year)−1 for the control, immature compost, andmature compost plots, respectively).”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen loss was higher after immature compost than in the control plot.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- immature compost plote0
- Outcome
- Nlosse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- control plote0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Nloss from the immature compost plot was higher than that of the control plot”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen loss was lower after mature compost than in the control plot.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- mature compost plote0
- Outcome
- N losse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- control plote0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the N loss from the mature compost plot was lower than that of the control plot”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest mature compost can mitigate nitrogen loss through increased fixation.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- mature compost applicatione0
- Outcome
- N losse0
- Qualifier
- increased N2 fixatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N loss and the following decrease in soil N availability in the field could be mitigated by increased N2 fixation resulting from mature compost application”
t0“soybean”
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