Abstract
Salt and alkali stress limit crop growth and reduce agricultural productivity worldwide, which have led to increased interest in enhancing salt tolerance in crop plants. Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (Linn.) Moench) is a monocotyledonous crop species that shows greater tolerance to salt–alkali stress than most other crops, although the underlying mechanisms behind this tolerance remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of salt and alkali stresses on two sweet sorghum varieties M-81E, which is stress tolerant, and 314B, which is stress sensitive. Namely, we surveyed plant growth parameters, measured Na+ and K+ distributions at the level of the whole plant as well as in three specific tissues, and then determined the activities of H+-ATPase, H+-PPase and Na+/H+ exchange in root vacuole membranes under stress conditions. Following treatment of the seedlings for 3 days with salt or alkali solutions, the plant growth was inhibited and Na+ levels in the whole plant, leaves, sheath, and roots were increased in both genotypes. Under alkali stress, K+ levels in the whole plant, leaves, sheath, and roots were decreased in both genotypes. M-81E roots accumulated significantly higher levels of Na+ than leaves, whereas the opposite was true for 314B. Under salt stress, both the hydrolytic and proton-transporting activities of V-H+-ATPase were enhanced and Na+/H+ exchange activity was dramatically upregulated, whereas V-H+-PPase activity was decreased. M-81E showed a greater capacity to compartmentalize Na+ within root cell vacuoles and maintain higher levels of K+ uptake compared with 314B, resulting in higher K+/Na+ transport selectivity in this genotype. These results also demonstrated that H+-ATPase activity and ionic homeostasis (Na+/K+) were likely important contributors to the tolerance of saline-alkali stress and crucially important for understanding alkaline stress in both crops and wild plants.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Salt or alkali solution treatment of seedlings for 3 days inhibited plant growth in both sweet sorghum genotypes.
- Taxon
- sweet sorghume2
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse1
- Treatment
- salt or alkali solutionse1
- Outcome
- plant growthe1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
- Qualifier
- for 3 dayse1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“Following treatment of the seedlings for 3 days with salt or alkali solutions, the plant growth was inhibited and Na+ levels in the whole plant, leaves, sheath, and roots were increased in both genotypes”
e2“two sweet sorghum varieties M-81E, which is stress tolerant, and 314B, which is stress sensitive”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt or alkali solution treatment increased Na+ levels in the whole plant, leaves, sheath and roots in both genotypes.
- Taxon
- sweet sorghume2
- Organ / stage
- whole plant, leaves, sheath, and rootse1
- Treatment
- salt or alkali solutionse1
- Outcome
- Na+ levelse1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“Following treatment of the seedlings for 3 days with salt or alkali solutions, the plant growth was inhibited and Na+ levels in the whole plant, leaves, sheath, and roots were increased in both genotypes”
e2“two sweet sorghum varieties M-81E, which is stress tolerant, and 314B, which is stress sensitive”
Claim · model-written summary
Alkali stress decreased K+ levels in the whole plant, leaves, sheath and roots in both genotypes.
- Taxon
- sweet sorghume2
- Organ / stage
- whole plant, leaves, sheath, and rootse1
- Treatment
- alkali stresse1
- Outcome
- K+ levelse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“Under alkali stress, K+ levels in the whole plant, leaves, sheath, and roots were decreased in both genotypes”
e2“two sweet sorghum varieties M-81E, which is stress tolerant, and 314B, which is stress sensitive”
Claim · model-written summary
Under stress, Na+ levels were significantly higher in roots than in leaves of M-81E, the reverse of 314B.
Verbatim
e1“M-81E roots accumulated significantly higher levels of Na+ than leaves, whereas the opposite was true for 314B”
e2“two sweet sorghum varieties M-81E, which is stress tolerant, and 314B, which is stress sensitive”
Claim · model-written summary
M-81E had a greater capacity than 314B to compartmentalize Na+ within root cell vacuoles.
Verbatim
e1“M-81E showed a greater capacity to compartmentalize Na+ within root cell vacuoles and maintain higher levels of K+ uptake compared with 314B”
e2“two sweet sorghum varieties M-81E, which is stress tolerant, and 314B, which is stress sensitive”
Claim · model-written summary
M-81E maintained higher K+ uptake than 314B.
Verbatim
e1“M-81E showed a greater capacity to compartmentalize Na+ within root cell vacuoles and maintain higher levels of K+ uptake compared with 314B”
e2“two sweet sorghum varieties M-81E, which is stress tolerant, and 314B, which is stress sensitive”
Claim · model-written summary
M-81E showed higher K+/Na+ transport selectivity than 314B.
Verbatim
e1“resulting in higher K+/Na+ transport selectivity in this genotype”
e2“two sweet sorghum varieties M-81E, which is stress tolerant, and 314B, which is stress sensitive”
e3“M-81E showed a greater capacity to compartmentalize Na+ within root cell vacuoles and maintain higher levels of K+ uptake compared with 314B”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress enhanced the hydrolytic and proton-transporting activities of V-H+-ATPase in sweet sorghum roots.
- Taxon
- sweet sorghume2
- Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Gene
- V-H+-ATPasee1
- Outcome
- hydrolytic and proton-transporting activitiese1
- Direction
- enhancede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“Under salt stress, both the hydrolytic and proton-transporting activities of V-H+-ATPase were enhanced and Na+/H+ exchange activity was dramatically upregulated, whereas V-H+-PPase activity was decreased”
e2“two sweet sorghum varieties M-81E, which is stress tolerant, and 314B, which is stress sensitive”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress dramatically upregulated Na+/H+ exchange activity in sweet sorghum.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“Under salt stress, both the hydrolytic and proton-transporting activities of V-H+-ATPase were enhanced and Na+/H+ exchange activity was dramatically upregulated, whereas V-H+-PPase activity was decreased”
e2“two sweet sorghum varieties M-81E, which is stress tolerant, and 314B, which is stress sensitive”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress decreased V-H+-PPase activity in sweet sorghum.
- Taxon
- sweet sorghume2
- Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Gene
- V-H+-PPasee1
- Outcome
- V-H+-PPase activitye1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“Under salt stress, both the hydrolytic and proton-transporting activities of V-H+-ATPase were enhanced and Na+/H+ exchange activity was dramatically upregulated, whereas V-H+-PPase activity was decreased”
e2“two sweet sorghum varieties M-81E, which is stress tolerant, and 314B, which is stress sensitive”
Claim · model-written summary
H+-ATPase activity and ionic homeostasis are likely important contributors to saline-alkali stress tolerance in sweet sorghum.
Verbatim
e1“H+-ATPase activity and ionic homeostasis (Na+/K+) were likely important contributors to the tolerance of saline-alkali stress”
e2“two sweet sorghum varieties M-81E, which is stress tolerant, and 314B, which is stress sensitive”
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