Abstract
In the present investigation, seven rhizobacteria and nine Trichoderma spp. were evaluated to suppress seed-borne mycotoxigenic fungi (Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides) and mycotoxin (aflatoxin and fumonisin) and to improve planting value of maize. Under in vitro conditions, these beneficial microorganisms suppressed the growth of A. flavus and F. verticillioides to various extents. Bacillus sp. (Bsp 3/aM), Pseudomonas putida (Has 1/c), Trichoderma asperellum (M5) and T. asperellum (T2) exhibited the greatest antagonistic effect on seed-borne mycotoxigenic fungi, and subsequently reduced mycotoxin concentrations in seeds. Under greenhouse conditions, these four biocontrol strains were also found to increase root length, shoot length, % germination, vigour index, fresh weight and dry weight of seedlings. Considering their overall performances, strains Bsp 3/aM, Has 1/c, M5 and T2 were selected for field studies as microbial talcum formulations. Among the tested microbial formulations, strain Bsp 3/aM significantly increased yield by 9.4% and 6.2% over the control in two maize cultivars Hema and Pearl, respectively. Increased plant growth and yield was also correlated with nutrient uptake in both the tested cultivars. All microbial formulation recorded significantly (p = 0.05) reduced A. flavus infection and aflatoxin contamination in harvested seeds. But, none of the microbial formulations were found significant (p = 0.05) in reducing F. verticilliodes incidence and fumonisin contamination. Our findings indicate that these microbial antagonists indirectly improve host health by suppressing seed-borne incidence of mycotoxigenic fungi and directly by facilitating nutrient uptake, thereby revealing their potential as both biofertilisers and biopesticides for maize production.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Beneficial microorganisms suppressed A. flavus and F. verticillioides growth in vitro to varying extents.
- Treatment
- these beneficial microorganismse0
- Interactor
- A. flavus and F. verticillioides
Aspergillus flavus
Fusarium verticillioidese0pathogen - Outcome
- growth of A. flavus and F. verticillioidese0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under in vitro conditions, these beneficial microorganisms suppressed the growth of A. flavus and F. verticillioides to various extents”
Claim · model-written summary
Bsp 3/aM, Has 1/c, M5, and T2 had the greatest antagonistic effect on seedborne mycotoxigenic fungi.
- Interactor
- seed-borne mycotoxigenic fungie0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Bacillus sp. (Bsp 3/aM), Pseudomonas putida (Has 1/c), Trichoderma asperellum (M5) and T. asperellum (T2)e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- antagonistic effect on seed-borne mycotoxigenic fungie0
- Direction
- greateste0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus sp. (Bsp 3/aM), Pseudomonas putida (Has 1/c), Trichoderma asperellum (M5) and T. asperellum (T2) exhibited the greatest antagonistic effect on seed-borne mycotoxigenic fungi”
Claim · model-written summary
The four selected strains reduced mycotoxin concentrations in maize seeds.
- Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Treatment
- Bacillus sp. (Bsp 3/aM), Pseudomonas putida (Has 1/c), Trichoderma asperellum (M5) and T. asperellum (T2)e1
- Outcome
- mycotoxin concentrations in seedse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“and subsequently reduced mycotoxin concentrations in seeds”
e1“Bacillus sp. (Bsp 3/aM), Pseudomonas putida (Has 1/c), Trichoderma asperellum (M5) and T. asperellum (T2) exhibited the greatest antagonistic effect on seed-borne mycotoxigenic fungi”
Claim · model-written summary
The four strains increased maize seedling root and shoot lengths under greenhouse conditions.
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse0
- Treatment
- these four biocontrol strainse0
- Outcome
- root length, shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Under greenhouse conditions, these four biocontrol strains were also found to increase root length, shoot length, % germination, vigour index, fresh weight and dry weight of seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The four strains increased maize seedling germination and vigour index under greenhouse conditions.
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse0
- Treatment
- these four biocontrol strainse0
- Outcome
- % germination, vigour indexe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Under greenhouse conditions, these four biocontrol strains were also found to increase root length, shoot length, % germination, vigour index, fresh weight and dry weight of seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The four strains increased maize seedling fresh and dry weights under greenhouse conditions.
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse0
- Treatment
- these four biocontrol strainse0
- Outcome
- fresh weight and dry weight of seedlingse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Under greenhouse conditions, these four biocontrol strains were also found to increase root length, shoot length, % germination, vigour index, fresh weight and dry weight of seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Bsp 3/aM raised Hema maize yield by 9.4% versus control.
- Material
- Hemae0
- Treatment
- strain Bsp 3/aMe0
- Interactor
- Bsp 3/aMe0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9.4%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“strain Bsp 3/aM significantly increased yield by 9.4% and 6.2% over the control in two maize cultivars Hema and Pearl, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Bsp 3/aM raised Pearl maize yield by 6.2% versus control.
- Material
- Pearle0
- Treatment
- strain Bsp 3/aMe0
- Interactor
- Bsp 3/aMe0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 6.2%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“strain Bsp 3/aM significantly increased yield by 9.4% and 6.2% over the control in two maize cultivars Hema and Pearl, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased maize growth and yield correlated with nutrient uptake in both cultivars.
- Compound
- nutrient uptakee0
- Outcome
- plant growth and yielde0
- Direction
- Increasede0
- Qualifier
- both the tested cultivarse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Increased plant growth and yield was also correlated with nutrient uptake in both the tested cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
All microbial formulations significantly reduced A. flavus infection in harvested maize seed.
- Organ / stage
- harvested seedse0
- Treatment
- All microbial formulatione0
- Interactor
- A. flavusAspergillus flavuse0pathogen
- Outcome
- A. flavus infectione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All microbial formulation recorded significantly (p = 0.05) reduced A. flavus infection and aflatoxin contamination in harvested seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
All microbial formulations significantly reduced aflatoxin contamination of harvested maize seed.
- Organ / stage
- harvested seedse0
- Treatment
- All microbial formulatione0
- Outcome
- aflatoxin contaminatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“All microbial formulation recorded significantly (p = 0.05) reduced A. flavus infection and aflatoxin contamination in harvested seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
No microbial formulation significantly reduced F. verticilliodes incidence.
- Treatment
- microbial formulationse0
- Interactor
- F. verticilliodese0pathogen
- Outcome
- F. verticilliodes incidencee0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“none of the microbial formulations were found significant (p = 0.05) in reducing F. verticilliodes incidence and fumonisin contamination”
Claim · model-written summary
No microbial formulation significantly reduced fumonisin contamination.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“none of the microbial formulations were found significant (p = 0.05) in reducing F. verticilliodes incidence and fumonisin contamination”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that the microbes improve maize health by suppressing seedborne fungi and promoting nutrient uptake.
- Outcome
- host healthe0
- Qualifier
- suppressing seed-borne incidence of mycotoxigenic fungi and directly by facilitating nutrient uptakee0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“these microbial antagonists indirectly improve host health by suppressing seed-borne incidence of mycotoxigenic fungi and directly by facilitating nutrient uptake”
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