Abstract
Utilization of the major corn (Zea mays) reserve materials (free saccharides, starch, triglycerides, and zein) was monitored during infection of detached kernels by Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) over a 12-day period. Inoculated whole kernels were compared to noninoculated kernels. Concentrations of sucrose and raffinose in inoculated seed decreased to nearly zero at 6 days, whereas concentrations of these saccharides in noninoculated seed dropped at a considerably slower rate, and significant levels remained at the end of the incubation period. Triglyceride concentrations remained unchanged in the noninoculated seed but dropped continuously after 2 days in the inoculated seed. Starch and zein concentrations did not change during the 12-day incubation period. Aflatoxin B1 was first detected after 2 days and increased to about 20 microg/g (20,000 ppb) after 12 days. Very low aflatoxin concentrations were detected in the noninoculated seed. Significant concentrations of erythritol, arabitol, and mannitol were produced during infection, with peak concentrations occurring at 8 days. Whole seed and germ tissue appeared to support good fungal growth and aflatoxin production, whereas ground tissues and endosperm did not. A. flavus preferentially utilized saccharides as initial carbon substrates followed by triglycerides. When invading nonwounded corn kernels, the fungus selectively targets the germ tissue where these materials are localized in the highest concentrations.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Sucrose and raffinose in inoculated corn seed fell to nearly zero by day 6, faster than in noninoculated seed.
- Taxon
- Corn
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Treatment
- inoculated seede0
- Interactor
- Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus flavust0pathogen - Outcome
- Concentrations of sucrose and raffinosee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- nearly zeroe0
- Qualifier
- at 6 dayse0
- Comparator
- noninoculated seede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Concentrations of sucrose and raffinose in inoculated seed decreased to nearly zero at 6 days, whereas concentrations of these saccharides in noninoculated seed dropped at a considerably slower rate”
t0“Aspergillus flavus in Inoculated Whole Corn Kernels”
Claim · model-written summary
Triglycerides fell continuously after day 2 in inoculated seed but stayed unchanged in noninoculated seed.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- inoculated seede0
- Interactor
- Aspergillus flavusAspergillus flavust0pathogen
- Outcome
- Triglyceride concentrationse0
- Direction
- dropped continuouslye0
- Qualifier
- after 2 dayse0
- Comparator
- noninoculated seede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Triglyceride concentrations remained unchanged in the noninoculated seed but dropped continuously after 2 days in the inoculated seed”
t0“Aspergillus flavus in Inoculated Whole Corn Kernels”
Claim · model-written summary
Starch and zein concentrations did not change over 12 days.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Interactor
- Aspergillus flavusAspergillus flavust0pathogen
- Outcome
- Starch and zein concentrationse0
- Direction
- did not changee0
- Qualifier
- 12-day incubation periode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Starch and zein concentrations did not change during the 12-day incubation period”
t0“Aspergillus flavus in Inoculated Whole Corn Kernels”
Claim · model-written summary
Aflatoxin B1 appeared after 2 days and rose to about 20 microg/g by day 12.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Interactor
- Aspergillus flavusAspergillus flavust0pathogen
- Outcome
- Aflatoxin B1e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 20 microg/g (20,000 ppb)e0
- Qualifier
- after 12 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aflatoxin B1 was first detected after 2 days and increased to about 20 microg/g (20,000 ppb) after 12 days”
t0“Aspergillus flavus in Inoculated Whole Corn Kernels”
Claim · model-written summary
Aflatoxin concentrations were very low in noninoculated seed.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Interactor
- Aspergillus flavusAspergillus flavust0pathogen
- Outcome
- aflatoxin concentrationse0
- Direction
- Very lowe0
- Qualifier
- noninoculated seede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Very low aflatoxin concentrations were detected in the noninoculated seed”
t0“Aspergillus flavus in Inoculated Whole Corn Kernels”
Claim · model-written summary
Erythritol, arabitol and mannitol accumulated during infection and peaked at day 8.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Interactor
- Aspergillus flavusAspergillus flavust0pathogen
- Outcome
- concentrations of erythritol, arabitol, and mannitole0
- Direction
- peake0
- Qualifier
- at 8 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant concentrations of erythritol, arabitol, and mannitol were produced during infection, with peak concentrations occurring at 8 days”
t0“Aspergillus flavus in Inoculated Whole Corn Kernels”
Claim · model-written summary
Whole seed and germ tissue supported fungal growth and aflatoxin production.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Organ / stage
- Whole seed and germ tissuee0
- Interactor
- Aspergillus flavusAspergillus flavust0pathogen
- Outcome
- fungal growth and aflatoxin productione0
- Direction
- goode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Whole seed and germ tissue appeared to support good fungal growth and aflatoxin production”
t0“Aspergillus flavus in Inoculated Whole Corn Kernels”
Claim · model-written summary
Ground tissues and endosperm did not support good fungal growth and aflatoxin production.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Organ / stage
- ground tissues and endosperme0
- Interactor
- Aspergillus flavusAspergillus flavust0pathogen
- Outcome
- did note0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whereas ground tissues and endosperm did not”
t0“Aspergillus flavus in Inoculated Whole Corn Kernels”
Claim · model-written summary
A. flavus used saccharides before triglycerides as carbon substrates.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Interactor
- A. flavusAspergillus flavuse0pathogen
- Outcome
- A. flavus preferentially utilized saccharides as initial carbon substrates followed by triglyceridese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. flavus preferentially utilized saccharides as initial carbon substrates followed by triglycerides”
t0“Aspergillus flavus in Inoculated Whole Corn Kernels”
Claim · model-written summary
In nonwounded corn kernels, A. flavus selectively targeted germ tissue.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Organ / stage
- germ tissuee0
- Interactor
- Aspergillus flavusAspergillus flavust0pathogen
- Outcome
- selectively targets the germ tissuee0
- Qualifier
- nonwounded corn kernelse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When invading nonwounded corn kernels, the fungus selectively targets the germ tissue”
t0“Aspergillus flavus in Inoculated Whole Corn Kernels”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · Aspergillus flavus · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
9 papers more in this group
See all 13 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.