Abstract
Phytoremediation is a remediation technique that involves the use of plants to extract, sequester, and/or detoxify pollutants through physical, chemical, and biological processes. The use of phytoremediation is expanding due to its cost-effectiveness compared with conventional methods. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of autumn and spring application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR, 108 cfu mL−1 Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum sprayed at 250 mL plot−1) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer (0, 11, 22, 33, 44 kg P ha−1) on dry matter yield and heavy metal uptake by plants in soils contaminated with heavy metals. Field experiments were conducted using a randomized complete block design with four replications between 2004 and 2007. The results of the study indicated that P fertilization, but not PGPR application, significantly affected dry matter yield. Application of PGPR increased heavy metal availability in soils and the heavy metal uptake of meadow plants. The heavy metal content of the meadow plants resulting from PGPR application was 4–6 times higher for the spring application than the autumn application. Approximately 16, 30, 10, 10, and 3 growing seasons without PGPR are necessary to remove all lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), boron (B), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn), respectively, from polluted soil. The time required for Pb, Ni, B, Mn, and Zn removal could be further decreased to approximately 4, 6, 3, 3, and 1 growing seasons, respectively, with 33 kg phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) ha−1 and 108 cfu mL−1 PGPR applications at rates of 250 mL plot−1 in the spring season.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus fertilization significantly affected dry matter yield.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee1
- Treatment
- P fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- dry matter yielde0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“P fertilization, but not PGPR application, significantly affected dry matter yield”
e1“dry matter yield and heavy metal uptake by plants”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR application did not significantly affect dry matter yield.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee1
- Treatment
- PGPR applicatione0
- Outcome
- dry matter yielde0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“P fertilization, but not PGPR application, significantly affected dry matter yield”
e1“dry matter yield and heavy metal uptake by plants”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR application increased heavy metal availability in soil.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Application of PGPR increased heavy metal availability in soils and the heavy metal uptake of meadow plants”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR application increased heavy metal uptake by meadow plants.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Application of PGPR increased heavy metal availability in soils and the heavy metal uptake of meadow plants”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR-treated meadow plants had four to six times higher heavy metal content after spring than autumn application.
Verbatim
e0“The heavy metal content of the meadow plants resulting from PGPR application was 4–6 times higher for the spring application than the autumn application”
Claim · model-written summary
Without PGPR, the estimated removal times for Pb, Ni, B, Mn and Zn were 16, 30, 10, 10 and 3 growing seasons.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee1
- Outcome
- growing seasonse0
- Value
- 16, 30, 10, 10, and 3 growing seasonse0
- Qualifier
- without PGPRe0
Verbatim
e0“Approximately 16, 30, 10, 10, and 3 growing seasons without PGPR are necessary to remove all lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), boron (B), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn), respectively, from polluted soil”
e1“dry matter yield and heavy metal uptake by plants”
Claim · model-written summary
With phosphorus and spring PGPR application, estimated removal times for Pb, Ni, B, Mn and Zn fell to 4, 6, 3, 3 and 1 growing seasons.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee1
- Treatment
- 33 kg phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) ha−1 and 108 cfu mL−1 PGPR applications at rates of 250 mL plot−1e0
- Outcome
- time required for Pb, Ni, B, Mn, and Zn removale0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 4, 6, 3, 3, and 1 growing seasonse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The time required for Pb, Ni, B, Mn, and Zn removal could be further decreased to approximately 4, 6, 3, 3, and 1 growing seasons, respectively, with 33 kg phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) ha−1 and 108 cfu mL−1 PGPR applications at rates of 250 mL plot−1 in the spring season”
e1“dry matter yield and heavy metal uptake by plants”
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