Abstract
It has been demonstrated that soil disturbance, excessive fertilization and the use of some agrochemicals affect the survival and function of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. To clarify the effect of different cultural practices on mycorrhizal activity in orchards, spore population dynamics, soil and plant mineral content and mycorrhizal infection were surveyed monthly from May to October, 2000 in kiwifruit, Japanese chestnut, Iyo tangor, satsuma mandarin, Japanese persimmon, apple, peach, Japanese plum and grape plantings, subjected to different management regimes. In intensively managed orchards, levels of major elements in the soil were generally high, owing to periodic fertilization ; consequently, the content of these elements in the leaves was within the recommended range for normal growth and function. High levels of AM infection were maintained throughout the season in the apple orchard that received no fertilizer or fungicide. The infection levels on roots of kiwifruit vines decreased in July and August after three fungicide sprays in June ; it also decreased in Iyo tangor in July following four fungicide applications in May and June. These orchards had no under-story cover plants. However, the infection level of peach trees under sod culture remained relatively high even after five fungicide sprays from May through August. Thus, population density of AM spores in the soils seems to be low in the clean cultivated orchards, subjected to frequent fungicide sprays, whereas it was high under sod culture. We conclude that excessive fertilization, frequent fungicide sprays and clean culture have an adverse effect on AM spore populations and tree infection in orchards.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Intensively managed orchards generally had high major-element levels in soil attributed to periodic fertilization.
- Treatment
- periodic fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- levels of major elements in the soile0
- Direction
- highe0
- Setting
- orchardse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“In intensively managed orchards, levels of major elements in the soil were generally high, owing to periodic fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf major-element content in intensively managed orchards was within the recommended range.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae1 - Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- content of these elementse0
- Qualifier
- within the recommended range for normal growth and functione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the content of these elements in the leaves was within the recommended range for normal growth and function.”
e1“kiwifruit, Japanese chestnut, Iyo tangor, satsuma mandarin, Japanese persimmon, apple, peach, Japanese plum and grape plantings”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple orchards without fertilizer or fungicide maintained high AM infection throughout the season.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungie1symbiont
- Outcome
- High levels of AM infectione0
- Qualifier
- no fertilizer or fungicidee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High levels of AM infection were maintained throughout the season in the apple orchard that received no fertilizer or fungicide.”
e1“arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi”
Claim · model-written summary
AM infection in kiwifruit roots decreased in July and August after three June fungicide sprays.
- Taxon
- kiwifruit
Actinidia deliciosae0 - Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- three fungicide sprays in Junee0
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungie1symbiont
- Outcome
- infection levelse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The infection levels on roots of kiwifruit vines decreased in July and August after three fungicide sprays in June”
e1“arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi”
Claim · model-written summary
AM infection in Iyo tangor decreased in July after four fungicide applications in May and June.
- Taxon
- Iyo tangore0
- Treatment
- four fungicide applications in May and Junee0
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungie2symbiont
- Outcome
- infection levelse1
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“it also decreased in Iyo tangor in July following four fungicide applications in May and June”
e1“The infection levels on roots of kiwifruit vines decreased in July and August after three fungicide sprays in June ; it also decreased in Iyo tangor in July following four fungicide applications in May and June”
e2“arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi”
Claim · model-written summary
Peach under sod culture retained relatively high AM infection after five fungicide sprays.
- Taxon
- peach
Prunus persicae0 - Treatment
- five fungicide sprays from May through Auguste0
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungie1symbiont
- Outcome
- infection levele0
- Direction
- relatively highe0
- Qualifier
- under sod culturee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the infection level of peach trees under sod culture remained relatively high even after five fungicide sprays from May through August.”
e1“arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi”
Claim · model-written summary
AM spore density seemed low in clean-cultivated orchards frequently sprayed with fungicide.
- Outcome
- population density of AM sporese0
- Direction
- lowe0
- Qualifier
- clean cultivated orchards, subjected to frequent fungicide sprayse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“population density of AM spores in the soils seems to be low in the clean cultivated orchards, subjected to frequent fungicide sprays”
Claim · model-written summary
AM spore density seemed high under sod culture.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“whereas it was high under sod culture.”
e1“population density of AM spores in the soils seems to be low in the clean cultivated orchards, subjected to frequent fungicide sprays, whereas it was high under sod culture.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that excessive fertilization, frequent fungicide spraying and clean culture adversely affect AM spores and tree infection in orchards.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- excessive fertilization, frequent fungicide sprays and clean culturee0
- Outcome
- AM spore populations and tree infectione0
- Direction
- adverse effecte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We conclude that excessive fertilization, frequent fungicide sprays and clean culture have an adverse effect on AM spore populations and tree infection in orchards.”
e1“apple, peach, Japanese plum and grape plantings”
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- negative
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See all 20 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.