Abstract
The effect of foliar salicylic acid (SA) applications (10⁻³ and 10⁻⁵ M) on activities of nitrate reductase, guaiacol peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutases (SOD), catalase (CAT) and proline enzymes and physiological parameters was evaluated in two ginger varieties (Halia Bentong and Halia Bara) under greenhouse conditions. In both varieties, tested treatments generally enhanced photosynthetic rate and total dry weight. Photosynthetic rate increases were generally accompanied by increased or unchanged stomatal conductance levels, although intercellular CO₂ concentrations of treated plants were typically lower than in controls. Lower SA concentrations were generally more effective in enhancing photosynthetic rate and plant growth. Exogenous application of SA increased antioxidant enzyme activities and proline content; the greatest responses were obtained in plants sprayed with 10⁻⁵ M SA, with significant increases observed in CAT (20.1%), POD (45.2%), SOD (44.1%) and proline (43.1%) activities. Increased CAT activity in leaves is naturally expected to increase photosynthetic efficiency and thus net photosynthesis by maintaining a constant CO₂ supply. Our results support the idea that low SA concentrations (10⁻⁵ M) may induce nitrite reductase synthesis by mobilizing intracellular NO³⁻ and can provide protection to nitrite reductase degradation in vivo in the absence of NO³⁻. Observed positive correlations among proline, SOD, CAT and POD activities in the studied varieties suggest that increased SOD activity was accompanied by increases in CAT and POD activities because of the high demands of H₂O₂ quenching.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid generally enhanced photosynthetic rate and total dry weight in both ginger varieties.
- Taxon
- ginger
Zingiber officinalet0 - Treatment
- foliar salicylic acid (SA) applications (10⁻³ and 10⁻⁵ M)e1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic rate and total dry weighte0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)”
e0“In both varieties, tested treatments generally enhanced photosynthetic rate and total dry weight”
e1“foliar salicylic acid (SA) applications (10⁻³ and 10⁻⁵ M)”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosynthetic rate increases were accompanied by increased or unchanged stomatal conductance.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance levelse0
- Direction
- increased or unchangede0
- Qualifier
- Photosynthetic rate increasese0
Not reportedOrgan / stage
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)”
e0“Photosynthetic rate increases were generally accompanied by increased or unchanged stomatal conductance levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Treated ginger had lower intercellular CO₂ concentrations than controls.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- foliar salicylic acid (SA) applications (10⁻³ and 10⁻⁵ M)e1
- Outcome
- intercellular CO₂ concentrationse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)”
e0“intercellular CO₂ concentrations of treated plants were typically lower than in controls”
e1“foliar salicylic acid (SA) applications (10⁻³ and 10⁻⁵ M)”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower salicylic acid concentrations were generally more effective in enhancing photosynthetic rate and growth.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- Lower SA concentrationse0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic rate and plant growthe0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Comparator
- 10⁻³e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)”
e0“Lower SA concentrations were generally more effective in enhancing photosynthetic rate and plant growth”
e1“foliar salicylic acid (SA) applications (10⁻³ and 10⁻⁵ M)”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous salicylic acid increased antioxidant enzyme activities and proline content.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- Exogenous application of SAe0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activities and proline contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)”
e0“Exogenous application of SA increased antioxidant enzyme activities and proline content”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10⁻⁵ M salicylic acid, CAT activity increased significantly by 20.1%.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- 10⁻⁵ M SAe0
- Gene
- CATe0
- Outcome
- CATe0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 20.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)”
e0“greatest responses were obtained in plants sprayed with 10⁻⁵ M SA, with significant increases observed in CAT (20.1%), POD (45.2%), SOD (44.1%) and proline (43.1%) activities”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10⁻⁵ M salicylic acid, POD activity increased significantly by 45.2%.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- 10⁻⁵ M SAe0
- Gene
- PODe0
- Outcome
- PODe0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 45.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)”
e0“greatest responses were obtained in plants sprayed with 10⁻⁵ M SA, with significant increases observed in CAT (20.1%), POD (45.2%), SOD (44.1%) and proline (43.1%) activities”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10⁻⁵ M salicylic acid, SOD activity increased significantly by 44.1%.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- 10⁻⁵ M SAe0
- Gene
- SODe0
- Outcome
- SODe0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 44.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)”
e0“greatest responses were obtained in plants sprayed with 10⁻⁵ M SA, with significant increases observed in CAT (20.1%), POD (45.2%), SOD (44.1%) and proline (43.1%) activities”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10⁻⁵ M salicylic acid, proline activity increased significantly by 43.1%.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- 10⁻⁵ M SAe0
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 43.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)”
e0“greatest responses were obtained in plants sprayed with 10⁻⁵ M SA, with significant increases observed in CAT (20.1%), POD (45.2%), SOD (44.1%) and proline (43.1%) activities”
Claim · model-written summary
Positive correlations linked proline, SOD, CAT and POD activities in the studied varieties.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Gene
- SOD, CAT and PODe0
- Outcome
- proline, SOD, CAT and POD activitiese0
- Direction
- positive correlationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)”
e0“Observed positive correlations among proline, SOD, CAT and POD activities in the studied varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest low salicylic acid may induce nitrite reductase synthesis and protect it from degradation without nitrate.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- low SA concentrations (10⁻⁵ M)e0
- Gene
- nitrite reductasee0
- Outcome
- nitrite reductase synthesise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)”
e0“low SA concentrations (10⁻⁵ M) may induce nitrite reductase synthesis by mobilizing intracellular NO³⁻ and can provide protection to nitrite reductase degradation in vivo in the absence of NO³⁻”
The same questions in other papers
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salicylic acid · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Zingiber officinale (ginger)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
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application · physiology: photosynthesis · Zingiber officinale (ginger)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.