Abstract
BACKGROUND: The increase in atmospheric CO(2) concentration caused by climate change and agricultural practices is likely to affect biota by producing changes in plant growth, allocation and chemical composition. This study was conducted to evaluate the combined effect of the application of salicylic acid (SA, at two levels: 0 and 10-3 M) and CO(2) enrichment (at two levels: 400 and 800 μmol·mol-1) on the production and antioxidant activities of anthocyanin, flavonoids and isoflavonoids from two Malaysian ginger varieties, namely Halia Bentong and Halia Bara. METHODS: High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photodiode array detection and mass spectrometry was employed to identify and quantify the flavonoids and anthocyanins in the ginger extracts. The antioxidant activity of the leaf extracts was determined by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) assays. The substrate specificity of chalcone synthase, the key enzyme for flavonoid biosynthesis, was investigated using the chalcone synthase (CHS) assay. RESULTS: CO(2) levels of 800 μmol·mol-1 significantly increased anthocyanin, rutin, naringenin, myricetin, apigenin, fisetin and morin contents in ginger leaves. Meanwhile, the combined effect of SA and CO(2) enrichment enhanced anthocyanin and flavonoid production compared with single treatment effects. High anthocyanin content was observed in H Bara leaves treated with elevated CO(2) and SA. The highest chalcone synthase (CHS) activity was observed in plants treated with SA and CO(2) enrichment. Plants not treated with SA and kept under ambient CO(2) conditions showed the lowest CHS activity. The highest free radical scavenging activity corresponded to H Bara treated with SA under high CO(2) conditions, while the lowest activity corresponded to H Bentong without SA treatment and under atmospheric CO(2) levels. As the level of CO(2) increased, the DPPH activity increased. Higher TBA activity was also recorded in the extracts of H Bara treated with SA and grown under high CO(2) conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The biological activities of both ginger varieties were enhanced when the plants were treated with SA and grown under elevated CO(2) concentration. The increase in the production of anthocyanin and flavonoids in plants treated with SA could be attributed to the increase in CHS activity under high CO(2) levels.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 significantly increased seven measured constituents in ginger leaves.
- Taxon
- ginger
Zingiber officinalee0 - Treatment
- CO(2) levels of 800 μmol·mol-1e0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin, rutin, naringenin, myricetin, apigenin, fisetin and morin contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CO(2) levels of 800 μmol·mol-1 significantly increased anthocyanin, rutin, naringenin, myricetin, apigenin, fisetin and morin contents in ginger leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined SA and CO2 enrichment enhanced anthocyanin and flavonoid production relative to single treatments.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- SA and CO(2) enrichmente0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin and flavonoid productione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- single treatment effectse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combined effect of SA and CO(2) enrichment enhanced anthocyanin and flavonoid production compared with single treatment effects”
t0“ginger”
Claim · model-written summary
H Bara leaves under elevated CO2 and SA had high anthocyanin content.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Material
- H Barae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- elevated CO(2) and SAe0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin contente0
- Direction
- Highe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High anthocyanin content was observed in H Bara leaves treated with elevated CO(2) and SA”
t0“ginger”
Claim · model-written summary
CHS activity was highest under combined SA and CO2 enrichment.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- SA and CO(2) enrichmente0
- Gene
- chalcone synthase (CHS)e0
- Outcome
- chalcone synthase (CHS) activitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest chalcone synthase (CHS) activity was observed in plants treated with SA and CO(2) enrichment”
t0“ginger”
Claim · model-written summary
CHS activity was lowest without SA at ambient CO2.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- not treated with SA and kept under ambient CO(2) conditionse0
- Outcome
- CHS activitye0
- Direction
- loweste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants not treated with SA and kept under ambient CO(2) conditions showed the lowest CHS activity”
t0“ginger”
Claim · model-written summary
H Bara under SA and high CO2 had the highest free radical scavenging activity.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Material
- H Barae0
- Treatment
- SA under high CO(2) conditionse0
- Outcome
- free radical scavenging activitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest free radical scavenging activity corresponded to H Bara treated with SA under high CO(2) conditions”
t0“ginger”
Claim · model-written summary
H Bentong without SA at atmospheric CO2 had the lowest free radical scavenging activity.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Material
- H Bentonge0
- Treatment
- without SA treatment and under atmospheric CO(2) levelse0
- Outcome
- activitye0
- Direction
- loweste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lowest activity corresponded to H Bentong without SA treatment and under atmospheric CO(2) levels”
t0“ginger”
Claim · model-written summary
DPPH activity increased as CO2 rose.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- CO(2)e0
- Outcome
- DPPH activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As the level of CO(2) increased, the DPPH activity increased”
t0“ginger”
Claim · model-written summary
H Bara extracts under SA and high CO2 had higher TBA activity.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Material
- H Barae0
- Treatment
- SA and grown under high CO(2) conditionse0
- Outcome
- TBA activitye0
- Direction
- Highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher TBA activity was also recorded in the extracts of H Bara treated with SA and grown under high CO(2) conditions”
t0“ginger”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors attribute increased anthocyanin and flavonoid production under SA to increased CHS activity under high CO2.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- SAe0
- Gene
- CHSe0
- Outcome
- production of anthocyanin and flavonoidse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- could be attributede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increase in the production of anthocyanin and flavonoids in plants treated with SA could be attributed to the increase in CHS activity under high CO(2) levels”
t0“ginger”
The same questions in other papers
salicylic acid · molecular: metabolites · Zingiber officinale (ginger)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
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co2 · molecular: metabolites · Zingiber officinale (ginger)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
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co2 · quality: phytochemicals · Zingiber officinale (ginger)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.