Abstract
Ginger (Zingiber officinalis Roscoe) is valued as a spice and herbal plant with high economic importance, but its productivity is affected by soil salinity. In the present study, potential of salicylic acid (SA) to reduce salt stress was tested in ginger plantlets grown under in vitro conditions. NaCl stress at 150 mM concentration caused a significant decline in growth parameters and photosynthetic pigment contents and a rise in Na+, Cl−, H2O2, superoxide radical contents, activities of chlorophyllase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) enzymes. A foliar spray of 0.5 mM salicylic acid showed a remarkable improvement in the growth parameters (around 3-fold increase in shoot number and fresh weight) of stressed plantlets. SA treatment enhanced the contents of chlorophyll a (41%), chlorophyll b (51%), total chlorophyll (48.56%), carotenoids (36%) and reduced chlorophyllase activity (18%) under salt stress conditions. NaCl - induced activities of antioxidative enzymes were further increased by SA treatment. An increase of 71.22, 50.84 and 50.45 percent was recorded for SOD, CAT and POD, respectively. A reduction in H2O2 content (31.24%) and superoxide production rate (43%) in stressed plantlets was noted after SA application. This treatment also reversed the sodium ion toxicity as revealed by a decline in Na+and Cl− contents (90%) with a concomitant rise in K+ ion concentration (25.65%) in stressed plantlets. These results indicated that SA-mediated improvement in ionic balance and antioxidative defense system contributed to the acclimatization of plantlets under salinity. In conclusion, foliar application of 0.5 mM salicylic acid could help recover the reduced growth of stressed plantlets. Therefore, SA treatment could be suggested as a feasible approach to produce salt adapted ginger plantlets in vitro. Such plants can perform well on saline soils and could serve as a continuous source of raw material for ginger industry.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl stress at 150 mM significantly reduced growth parameters of ginger plantlets.
- Taxon
- ginger
Zingiber officinalet0 - Treatment
- NaCl stress at 150 mM concentratione1
- Outcome
- growth parameters and photosynthetic pigment contentse2
- Direction
- declinee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in vitro raised ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) plantlets”
e1“NaCl stress at 150 mM concentration”
e2“caused a significant decline in growth parameters and photosynthetic pigment contents”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl stress at 150 mM significantly reduced photosynthetic pigment contents of ginger plantlets.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- NaCl stress at 150 mM concentratione1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigment contentse2
- Direction
- declinee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in vitro raised ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) plantlets”
e1“NaCl stress at 150 mM concentration”
e2“caused a significant decline in growth parameters and photosynthetic pigment contents”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl stress raised Na+, Cl− and H2O2 contents in ginger plantlets.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- NaCl stress at 150 mM concentratione1
- Outcome
- Na+, Cl−, H2O2e3
- Direction
- risee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in vitro raised ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) plantlets”
e1“NaCl stress at 150 mM concentration”
e3“a rise in Na+, Cl−, H2O2, superoxide radical contents, activities of chlorophyllase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) enzymes”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl stress raised superoxide radical contents, chlorophyllase activity and SOD activity in ginger plantlets.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- NaCl stress at 150 mM concentratione1
- Outcome
- superoxide radical contents, activities of chlorophyllase, superoxide dismutase (SOD)e3
- Direction
- risee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in vitro raised ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) plantlets”
e1“NaCl stress at 150 mM concentration”
e3“a rise in Na+, Cl−, H2O2, superoxide radical contents, activities of chlorophyllase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) enzymes”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl stress raised catalase and peroxidase activities in ginger plantlets.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- NaCl stress at 150 mM concentratione1
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) enzymese3
- Direction
- risee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in vitro raised ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) plantlets”
e1“NaCl stress at 150 mM concentration”
e3“a rise in Na+, Cl−, H2O2, superoxide radical contents, activities of chlorophyllase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) enzymes”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar salicylic acid increased shoot number and fresh weight about threefold in stressed ginger plantlets.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- A foliar spray of 0.5 mM salicylic acide5
- Outcome
- shoot number and fresh weighte4
- Direction
- increasee4
- Value
- around 3-fold increasee4
- Comparator
- stressed plantletse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in vitro raised ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) plantlets”
e4“showed a remarkable improvement in the growth parameters (around 3-fold increase in shoot number and fresh weight) of stressed plantlets”
e5“A foliar spray of 0.5 mM salicylic acid”
Claim · model-written summary
SA treatment increased chlorophyll a content by 41% under salt stress.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- SA treatmente6
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae6
- Direction
- enhancede6
- Value
- 41%e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in vitro raised ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) plantlets”
e6“SA treatment enhanced the contents of chlorophyll a (41%)”
Claim · model-written summary
SA treatment increased chlorophyll b content by 51% under salt stress.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- SA treatmente7
- Outcome
- chlorophyll be7
- Direction
- enhancede7
- Value
- 51%e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in vitro raised ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) plantlets”
e7“SA treatment enhanced the contents of chlorophyll a (41%), chlorophyll b (51%)”
Claim · model-written summary
SA treatment increased total chlorophyll content by 48.56% under salt stress.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- SA treatmente1
- Outcome
- total chlorophylle1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 48.56%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in vitro raised ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) plantlets”
e1“SA treatment enhanced the contents of chlorophyll a (41%), chlorophyll b (51%), total chlorophyll (48.56%)”
Claim · model-written summary
SA treatment increased carotenoid content by 36% under salt stress.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- SA treatmente1
- Outcome
- carotenoidse1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 36%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in vitro raised ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) plantlets”
e1“SA treatment enhanced the contents of chlorophyll a (41%), chlorophyll b (51%), total chlorophyll (48.56%), carotenoids (36%)”
Claim · model-written summary
SA treatment reduced chlorophyllase activity by 18% under salt stress.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- SA treatmente1
- Outcome
- chlorophyllase activitye1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 18%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in vitro raised ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) plantlets”
e1“SA treatment enhanced the contents of chlorophyll a (41%), chlorophyll b (51%), total chlorophyll (48.56%), carotenoids (36%) and reduced chlorophyllase activity (18%)”
Claim · model-written summary
SA treatment increased SOD activity by 71.22% in NaCl-stressed ginger plantlets.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in vitro raised ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) plantlets”
e1“NaCl - induced activities of antioxidative enzymes were further increased by SA treatment”
e2“An increase of 71.22, 50.84 and 50.45 percent was recorded for SOD, CAT and POD, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
SA treatment increased CAT activity by 50.84% in NaCl-stressed ginger plantlets.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in vitro raised ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) plantlets”
e1“NaCl - induced activities of antioxidative enzymes were further increased by SA treatment”
e2“An increase of 71.22, 50.84 and 50.45 percent was recorded for SOD, CAT and POD, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
SA treatment increased POD activity by 50.45% in NaCl-stressed ginger plantlets.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in vitro raised ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) plantlets”
e1“NaCl - induced activities of antioxidative enzymes were further increased by SA treatment”
e2“An increase of 71.22, 50.84 and 50.45 percent was recorded for SOD, CAT and POD, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
SA application reduced H2O2 content by 31.24% in stressed ginger plantlets.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- SA applicatione1
- Outcome
- H2O2 contente1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Value
- 31.24%e1
- Comparator
- stressed plantletse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in vitro raised ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) plantlets”
e1“A reduction in H2O2 content (31.24%) and superoxide production rate (43%) in stressed plantlets was noted after SA application”
Claim · model-written summary
SA application reduced superoxide production rate by 43% in stressed ginger plantlets.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- SA applicatione1
- Outcome
- superoxide production ratee1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Value
- 43%e1
- Comparator
- stressed plantletse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in vitro raised ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) plantlets”
e1“A reduction in H2O2 content (31.24%) and superoxide production rate (43%) in stressed plantlets was noted after SA application”
Claim · model-written summary
SA treatment reduced Na+ and Cl− contents by 90% in stressed ginger plantlets.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- This treatmente1
- Outcome
- Na+and Cl− contentse1
- Direction
- declinee1
- Value
- 90%e1
- Comparator
- stressed plantletse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in vitro raised ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) plantlets”
e1“This treatment also reversed the sodium ion toxicity as revealed by a decline in Na+and Cl− contents (90%) with a concomitant rise in K+ ion concentration (25.65%) in stressed plantlets”
Claim · model-written summary
SA treatment increased K+ ion concentration by 25.65% in stressed ginger plantlets.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Treatment
- This treatmente1
- Outcome
- K+ ion concentratione1
- Direction
- risee1
- Value
- 25.65%e1
- Comparator
- stressed plantletse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in vitro raised ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) plantlets”
e1“This treatment also reversed the sodium ion toxicity as revealed by a decline in Na+and Cl− contents (90%) with a concomitant rise in K+ ion concentration (25.65%) in stressed plantlets”
Claim · model-written summary
SA-mediated improvement in ionic balance and antioxidative defence contributed to the acclimatization of ginger plantlets under salinity.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Outcome
- acclimatization of plantlets under salinitye1
- Qualifier
- SA-mediated improvement in ionic balance and antioxidative defense systeme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in vitro raised ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) plantlets”
e1“These results indicated that SA-mediated improvement in ionic balance and antioxidative defense system contributed to the acclimatization of plantlets under salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of 0.5 mM salicylic acid could help recover the reduced growth of stressed ginger plantlets, and SA treatment could be suggested to produce salt-adapted ginger plantlets in vitro.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalee2
- Treatment
- foliar application of 0.5 mM salicylic acide1
- Outcome
- salt adapted ginger plantletse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in vitro raised ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) plantlets”
e1“foliar application of 0.5 mM salicylic acid could help recover the reduced growth of stressed plantlets”
e2“SA treatment could be suggested as a feasible approach to produce salt adapted ginger plantlets in vitro”
The same questions in other papers
salicylic acid · physiology: enzyme activity · Zingiber officinale (ginger)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
salicylic acid · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Zingiber officinale (ginger)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
salinity · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Zingiber officinale (ginger)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
application · growth · Zingiber officinale (ginger)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
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1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →salinity · physiology: photosynthesis · Zingiber officinale (ginger)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
salinity · physiology: oxidative · Zingiber officinale (ginger)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.