Abstract
Abstract Paraquat (1,1'‐dimethyl‐4,4'‐bipyridinium ion) has been used to control illicit fields of Cannabis sativa L. (marihuana). Little is known concerning the effects of paraquat on the growth and cannabinoid concentrations of C. sativa . Therefore, three greenhouse experiments were conducted to 1) apply paraquat postemergent to C. sativa plants under controlled conditions; 2) evaluate the morphological responses of C. sativa to paraquat applications; and 3) determine the effect of paraquat applications on the concentrations of cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ 9 tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 THC) in marihuana. Paraquat was applied at 0.07, 0.14, and 0.28 kg/ha. In the first experiment, plants were treated 51 days after seeding (DAS) and harvested 23 days after treatment. CBD and Δ 9 THC concentrations were reduced 70 and 67% respectively over all herbicide applications. Plants were treated 49 DAS in the second experiment and harvested 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 hours and 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 days after treatment. Delta‐ 9 ‐THC concentrations were significantly reduced by paraquat applications. Plants were treated with paraquat 25, 35, 65, and 75 DAS in the third experiment and harvested 10 days later. Plant growth, marihuana production, and Δ 9 THC concentrations were generally significantly lower for the herbicide‐treated plants relative to the untreated controls. These experiments revealed that Δ 9 THC concentrations in marihuana were generally reduced by the application of lethal or sub‐lethal rates of paraquat to C. sativa plants of varied chronologic and physiologic ages.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Paraquat reduced CBD concentrations by 70% in the first experiment.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativa L.
Cannabis sativat0 - Treatment
- herbicide applicationse0
- Outcome
- CBDe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 70e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CBD and Δ 9 THC concentrations were reduced 70 and 67% respectively over all herbicide applications.”
t0“Cannabis sativa L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Paraquat reduced THC concentrations by 67% in the first experiment.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativa L.Cannabis sativat0
- Treatment
- herbicide applicationse0
- Outcome
- Δ 9 THC concentrationse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 67%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CBD and Δ 9 THC concentrations were reduced 70 and 67% respectively over all herbicide applications.”
t0“Cannabis sativa L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Paraquat significantly reduced THC concentration in the second experiment.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativa L.Cannabis sativat0
- Treatment
- paraquat applicationse0
- Outcome
- Delta‐ 9 ‐THC concentrationse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Delta‐ 9 ‐THC concentrations were significantly reduced by paraquat applications.”
t0“Cannabis sativa L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Paraquat generally significantly lowered plant growth relative to untreated controls.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativa L.Cannabis sativat0
- Treatment
- herbicide‐treated plantse0
- Outcome
- Plant growthe0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- untreated controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant growth, marihuana production, and Δ 9 THC concentrations were generally significantly lower for the herbicide‐treated plants relative to the untreated controls.”
t0“Cannabis sativa L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Paraquat generally significantly lowered marihuana production relative to untreated controls.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativa L.Cannabis sativat0
- Treatment
- herbicide‐treated plantse0
- Outcome
- marihuana productione0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- untreated controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant growth, marihuana production, and Δ 9 THC concentrations were generally significantly lower for the herbicide‐treated plants relative to the untreated controls.”
t0“Cannabis sativa L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Paraquat generally significantly lowered THC concentrations relative to untreated controls.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativa L.Cannabis sativat0
- Treatment
- herbicide‐treated plantse0
- Outcome
- Δ 9 THC concentrationse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- untreated controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant growth, marihuana production, and Δ 9 THC concentrations were generally significantly lower for the herbicide‐treated plants relative to the untreated controls.”
t0“Cannabis sativa L.”
The same questions in other papers
herbicide · growth · Cannabis sativaPositive and negative results
3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
herbicide · yield · Cannabis sativaPositive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →herbicide · molecular: metabolites · Cannabis sativaResults agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.