Abstract
Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) production is complex, with strict regulatory constraints and challenges associated with a lack of labeled pesticides due to its status as a novel crop in the US. Four experiments were conducted in 2020 and 2021 to establish herbicide tolerances for hemp production in the coastal plain of Georgia, USA. Objectives included evaluating hemp response to pretransplant or posttransplant herbicides, determining if planting method influenced herbicide injury from residual preplant applied herbicides, and understanding how plastic mulch may influence hemp flower yields. When applied one day prior to transplanting, maximum hemp crop visual injury was less than 12% compared to the untreated control, with acetochlor, flumioxazin, fomesafen, pendimethalin, and norflurazon while dithiopyr, halosulfuron, isoxaben, and isoxaflutole resulted in greater than 50% injury. Posttransplant applications of S-metolachlor, acetochlor, pendimethalin, and clethodim resulted in less than 15% injury while halosulfuron, metribuzin, trifloxysulfuron, imazethapyr, and prometryn applications resulted in greater than 50% injury to plants. Preplant and posttransplant applied herbicides were found to have little effect on total tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), or total cannabinoids in the dry flower after harvest. In a separate experiment, injury from halosulfuron and metribuzin was 52% to 56% less when planted with a mechanical transplanter as compared to the practice of using a transplant wheel to depress a hole in the soil followed by hand transplanting. In the final experiment, hemp dry flower yield in a non-plastic mulched (bareground) system was similar to that in a plastic mulched system. However, early season plant above-ground biomass was less in the plastic mulched system, which may have been due to elevated soil temperatures inhibiting early season growth.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Pretransplant acetochlor caused less than 12% maximum hemp injury.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativa
Cannabis sativae1 - Treatment
- acetochlore0
- Outcome
- hemp crop visual injurye0
- Direction
- less thane0
- Value
- 12%e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum hemp crop visual injury was less than 12% compared to the untreated control, with acetochlor, flumioxazin, fomesafen, pendimethalin, and norflurazon”
e1“Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pretransplant flumioxazin caused less than 12% maximum hemp injury.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativaCannabis sativae1
- Treatment
- flumioxazine0
- Outcome
- hemp crop visual injurye0
- Direction
- less thane0
- Value
- 12%e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum hemp crop visual injury was less than 12% compared to the untreated control, with acetochlor, flumioxazin, fomesafen, pendimethalin, and norflurazon”
e1“Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pretransplant fomesafen caused less than 12% maximum hemp injury.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativaCannabis sativae1
- Treatment
- fomesafene0
- Outcome
- hemp crop visual injurye0
- Direction
- less thane0
- Value
- 12%e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum hemp crop visual injury was less than 12% compared to the untreated control, with acetochlor, flumioxazin, fomesafen, pendimethalin, and norflurazon”
e1“Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pretransplant pendimethalin caused less than 12% maximum hemp injury.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativaCannabis sativae1
- Treatment
- pendimethaline0
- Outcome
- hemp crop visual injurye0
- Direction
- less thane0
- Value
- 12%e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum hemp crop visual injury was less than 12% compared to the untreated control, with acetochlor, flumioxazin, fomesafen, pendimethalin, and norflurazon”
e1“Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pretransplant norflurazon caused less than 12% maximum hemp injury.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativaCannabis sativae1
- Treatment
- norflurazone0
- Outcome
- hemp crop visual injurye0
- Direction
- less thane0
- Value
- 12%e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum hemp crop visual injury was less than 12% compared to the untreated control, with acetochlor, flumioxazin, fomesafen, pendimethalin, and norflurazon”
e1“Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pretransplant dithiopyr caused more than 50% hemp injury.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativaCannabis sativae1
- Treatment
- dithiopyre0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- greater thane0
- Value
- 50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dithiopyr, halosulfuron, isoxaben, and isoxaflutole resulted in greater than 50% injury”
e1“Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pretransplant halosulfuron caused more than 50% hemp injury.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativaCannabis sativae1
- Treatment
- halosulfurone0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- greater thane0
- Value
- 50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dithiopyr, halosulfuron, isoxaben, and isoxaflutole resulted in greater than 50% injury”
e1“Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pretransplant isoxaben caused more than 50% hemp injury.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativaCannabis sativae1
- Treatment
- isoxabene0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- greater thane0
- Value
- 50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dithiopyr, halosulfuron, isoxaben, and isoxaflutole resulted in greater than 50% injury”
e1“Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pretransplant isoxaflutole caused more than 50% hemp injury.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativaCannabis sativae1
- Treatment
- isoxaflutolee0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- greater thane0
- Value
- 50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dithiopyr, halosulfuron, isoxaben, and isoxaflutole resulted in greater than 50% injury”
e1“Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Posttransplant S-metolachlor, acetochlor and pendimethalin each caused less than 15% injury.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativaCannabis sativae1
- Treatment
- S-metolachlor, acetochlor, pendimethalin, and clethodime0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- less thane0
- Value
- 15%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Posttransplant applications of S-metolachlor, acetochlor, pendimethalin, and clethodim resulted in less than 15% injury”
e1“Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Posttransplant halosulfuron, metribuzin, trifloxysulfuron, imazethapyr and prometryn each caused over 50% injury.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativaCannabis sativae1
- Treatment
- halosulfuron, metribuzin, trifloxysulfuron, imazethapyr, and prometryne0
- Outcome
- injury to plantse0
- Direction
- greater thane0
- Value
- 50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“halosulfuron, metribuzin, trifloxysulfuron, imazethapyr, and prometryn applications resulted in greater than 50% injury to plants”
e1“Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Preplant and posttransplant herbicides had little effect on THC, CBD and total cannabinoids in harvested dry flowers.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativaCannabis sativae1
- Organ / stage
- dry flower after harveste0
- Treatment
- Preplant and posttransplant applied herbicidese0
- Outcome
- total tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), or total cannabinoidse0
- Direction
- little effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Preplant and posttransplant applied herbicides were found to have little effect on total tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), or total cannabinoids in the dry flower after harvest.”
e1“Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mechanical transplanting reduced halosulfuron injury by 52% to 56% relative to hand transplanting.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativaCannabis sativae1
- Treatment
- mechanical transplantere0
- Outcome
- injury from halosulfurone0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Value
- 52% to 56%e0
- Comparator
- hand transplantinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“injury from halosulfuron and metribuzin was 52% to 56% less when planted with a mechanical transplanter as compared to the practice of using a transplant wheel to depress a hole in the soil followed by hand transplanting”
e1“Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mechanical transplanting reduced metribuzin injury by 52% to 56% relative to hand transplanting.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativaCannabis sativae1
- Treatment
- mechanical transplantere0
- Outcome
- injury from halosulfuron and metribuzine0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Value
- 52% to 56%e0
- Comparator
- hand transplantinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“injury from halosulfuron and metribuzin was 52% to 56% less when planted with a mechanical transplanter as compared to the practice of using a transplant wheel to depress a hole in the soil followed by hand transplanting”
e1“Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry flower yield was similar in bareground and plastic-mulched production.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativaCannabis sativae1
- Treatment
- non-plastic mulched (bareground) systeme0
- Outcome
- hemp dry flower yielde0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- plastic mulched systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hemp dry flower yield in a non-plastic mulched (bareground) system was similar to that in a plastic mulched system”
e1“Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Early-season above-ground biomass was lower under plastic mulch.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativaCannabis sativae1
- Treatment
- plastic mulched systeme0
- Outcome
- early season plant above-ground biomasse0
- Direction
- lesse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“early season plant above-ground biomass was less in the plastic mulched system”
e1“Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggested elevated soil temperatures may have inhibited early-season hemp growth under mulch.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativaCannabis sativae1
- Outcome
- early season growthe0
- Qualifier
- elevated soil temperatures inhibiting early season growthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which may have been due to elevated soil temperatures inhibiting early season growth”
e1“Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa)”
The same questions in other papers
metribuzin · crop injury · Cannabis sativaResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
prometryn · crop injury · Cannabis sativaResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
mulching · yield · Cannabis sativaResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
mulching · growth · Cannabis sativaResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
herbicide · molecular: metabolites · Cannabis sativaResults agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.