Abstract
Prior exposure to drought stress (drought preconditioning) affects turfgrass tolerance to subsequent heat stress. The study was designed to examine whether these effects for Kentucky bluegrass ( Poa pratensis L.) are associated with osmotic adjustment and root growth. Plants were subjected to two cycles of drying and rewatering, and turf quality was then allowed to recover to the well watered control level before being exposed to 21 d of heat stress (35°C/30°C) in growth chambers. Compared with nonpreconditioned plants, drought‐preconditioned plants had 13 and 21% higher turf quality, 6 and 10% higher leaf relative water content, and 17 and 48% higher osmotic adjustment at 14 and 21 d of heat stress, respectively. Total ion (K + , Ca 2+ , Na + , Ma 2+ , Cl − , and P) concentration of cell sap increased during heat stress and was 11 to 16% higher in drought‐preconditioned plants than nonpreconditioned plants. The concentration of K + accounted for 59 to 65% of total ion solutes in both groups of plants during heat stress. Soluble carbohydrate content (WSC) of leaves increased during heat stress and was about 21 and 44% higher in drought‐preconditioned plants than nonpreconditioned plants at 14 and 21 d, respectively. Heat stress decreased root dry weight (DW) and WSC, but significant higher DW and WSC content of roots in the 40–60 cm soil layer were observed for preconditioned plants than nonpreconditioned plants before and after heat stress. The results demonstrated that drought preconditioning enhanced heat tolerance in Kentucky bluegrass, which could be related to the maintenance of higher osmotic adjustment associated with accumulation of ion solutes and water soluble carbohydrates and development of extensive roots deeper in the soil profile.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Drought preconditioning gave 13% higher turf quality at day 14 of heat stress.
- Taxon
- Kentucky Bluegrass
.jpg?width=60)
Poa pratensist0 - Treatment
- drought‐preconditionede0
- Outcome
- turf qualitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 13e0
- Qualifier
- 14e1
- Comparator
- nonpreconditioned plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Compared with nonpreconditioned plants, drought‐preconditioned plants had 13 and 21% higher turf quality”
e1“at 14 and 21 d of heat stress, respectively”
t0“Kentucky Bluegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought preconditioning gave 21% higher turf quality at day 21 of heat stress.
- Taxon
- Kentucky BluegrassPoa pratensist0
- Treatment
- drought‐preconditionede0
- Outcome
- turf qualitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 21%e0
- Qualifier
- 21 d of heat stresse1
- Comparator
- nonpreconditioned plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with nonpreconditioned plants, drought‐preconditioned plants had 13 and 21% higher turf quality”
e1“at 14 and 21 d of heat stress, respectively”
t0“Kentucky Bluegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought preconditioning gave 6% higher leaf relative water content at day 14.
- Taxon
- Kentucky BluegrassPoa pratensist0
- Treatment
- drought‐preconditionede1
- Outcome
- leaf relative water contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 6e0
- Qualifier
- 14e1
- Comparator
- nonpreconditioned plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“6 and 10% higher leaf relative water content”
e1“Compared with nonpreconditioned plants, drought‐preconditioned plants had 13 and 21% higher turf quality, 6 and 10% higher leaf relative water content, and 17 and 48% higher osmotic adjustment at 14 and 21 d of heat stress, respectively”
t0“Kentucky Bluegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought preconditioning gave 10% higher leaf relative water content at day 21.
- Taxon
- Kentucky BluegrassPoa pratensist0
- Treatment
- drought‐preconditionede1
- Outcome
- leaf relative water contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 10%e0
- Qualifier
- 21 d of heat stresse1
- Comparator
- nonpreconditioned plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“6 and 10% higher leaf relative water content”
e1“Compared with nonpreconditioned plants, drought‐preconditioned plants had 13 and 21% higher turf quality, 6 and 10% higher leaf relative water content, and 17 and 48% higher osmotic adjustment at 14 and 21 d of heat stress, respectively”
t0“Kentucky Bluegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought preconditioning gave 17% higher osmotic adjustment at day 14.
- Taxon
- Kentucky BluegrassPoa pratensist0
- Treatment
- drought‐preconditionede1
- Outcome
- osmotic adjustmente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 17e0
- Qualifier
- 14e0
- Comparator
- nonpreconditioned plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“17 and 48% higher osmotic adjustment at 14 and 21 d of heat stress, respectively”
e1“Compared with nonpreconditioned plants, drought‐preconditioned plants had”
t0“Kentucky Bluegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought preconditioning gave 48% higher osmotic adjustment at day 21.
- Taxon
- Kentucky BluegrassPoa pratensist0
- Treatment
- drought‐preconditionede1
- Outcome
- osmotic adjustmente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 48%e0
- Qualifier
- 21 d of heat stresse0
- Comparator
- nonpreconditioned plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“17 and 48% higher osmotic adjustment at 14 and 21 d of heat stress, respectively”
e1“Compared with nonpreconditioned plants, drought‐preconditioned plants had”
t0“Kentucky Bluegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Cell sap total ion concentration increased during heat stress.
- Taxon
- Kentucky BluegrassPoa pratensist0
- Outcome
- Total ion (K + , Ca 2+ , Na + , Ma 2+ , Cl − , and P) concentration of cell sape0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total ion (K + , Ca 2+ , Na + , Ma 2+ , Cl − , and P) concentration of cell sap increased during heat stress”
t0“Kentucky Bluegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Preconditioned plants had 11 to 16% higher cell sap ion concentration during heat stress.
- Taxon
- Kentucky BluegrassPoa pratensist0
- Treatment
- drought‐preconditioned plantse0
- Outcome
- Total ion (K + , Ca 2+ , Na + , Ma 2+ , Cl − , and P) concentration of cell sape1
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 11 to 16%e0
- Comparator
- nonpreconditioned plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was 11 to 16% higher in drought‐preconditioned plants than nonpreconditioned plants”
e1“Total ion (K + , Ca 2+ , Na + , Ma 2+ , Cl − , and P) concentration of cell sap increased during heat stress”
t0“Kentucky Bluegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium comprised 59 to 65% of ion solutes in both plant groups during heat stress.
- Taxon
- Kentucky BluegrassPoa pratensist0
- Outcome
- concentration of K +e0
- Value
- 59 to 65%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The concentration of K + accounted for 59 to 65% of total ion solutes in both groups of plants during heat stress”
t0“Kentucky Bluegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf soluble carbohydrate content increased during heat stress.
- Taxon
- Kentucky BluegrassPoa pratensist0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- Soluble carbohydrate content (WSC)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soluble carbohydrate content (WSC) of leaves increased during heat stress”
t0“Kentucky Bluegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Preconditioned plants had about 21% more leaf soluble carbohydrates at day 14.
- Taxon
- Kentucky BluegrassPoa pratensist0
- Treatment
- drought‐preconditioned plantse0
- Outcome
- Soluble carbohydrate content (WSC)e1
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 21e0
- Qualifier
- 14e0
- Comparator
- nonpreconditioned plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was about 21 and 44% higher in drought‐preconditioned plants than nonpreconditioned plants at 14 and 21 d, respectively”
e1“Soluble carbohydrate content (WSC) of leaves”
t0“Kentucky Bluegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Preconditioned plants had about 44% more leaf soluble carbohydrates at day 21.
- Taxon
- Kentucky BluegrassPoa pratensist0
- Treatment
- drought‐preconditioned plantse0
- Outcome
- Soluble carbohydrate content (WSC)e1
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 44%e0
- Qualifier
- 21 de0
- Comparator
- nonpreconditioned plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was about 21 and 44% higher in drought‐preconditioned plants than nonpreconditioned plants at 14 and 21 d, respectively”
e1“Soluble carbohydrate content (WSC) of leaves”
t0“Kentucky Bluegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress decreased root dry weight.
- Taxon
- Kentucky BluegrassPoa pratensist0
- Treatment
- Heat stresse0
- Outcome
- root dry weight (DW)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heat stress decreased root dry weight (DW) and WSC”
t0“Kentucky Bluegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress decreased root soluble carbohydrate content.
- Taxon
- Kentucky BluegrassPoa pratensist0
- Treatment
- Heat stresse0
- Outcome
- WSCe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heat stress decreased root dry weight (DW) and WSC”
t0“Kentucky Bluegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Preconditioning maintained significantly higher root dry weight at 40–60 cm before and after heat stress.
- Taxon
- Kentucky BluegrassPoa pratensist0
- Treatment
- preconditioned plantse0
- Outcome
- DWe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- nonpreconditioned plantse0
- Setting
- 40–60 cm soil layere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant higher DW and WSC content of roots in the 40–60 cm soil layer were observed for preconditioned plants than nonpreconditioned plants before and after heat stress”
t0“Kentucky Bluegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Preconditioning maintained significantly higher root soluble carbohydrate content at 40–60 cm before and after heat stress.
- Taxon
- Kentucky BluegrassPoa pratensist0
- Treatment
- preconditioned plantse0
- Outcome
- WSC content of rootse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- nonpreconditioned plantse0
- Setting
- 40–60 cm soil layere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant higher DW and WSC content of roots in the 40–60 cm soil layer were observed for preconditioned plants than nonpreconditioned plants before and after heat stress”
t0“Kentucky Bluegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors concluded drought preconditioning enhanced heat tolerance, possibly through osmotic adjustment, solute accumulation and deeper roots.
- Taxon
- Kentucky bluegrassPoa pratensise0
- Treatment
- drought preconditioninge0
- Outcome
- heat tolerancee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- could be related to the maintenance of higher osmotic adjustment associated with accumulation of ion solutes and water soluble carbohydrates and development of extensive roots deeper in the soil profilee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drought preconditioning enhanced heat tolerance in Kentucky bluegrass, which could be related to the maintenance of higher osmotic adjustment associated with accumulation of ion solutes and water soluble carbohydrates and development of extensive roots deeper in the soil profile”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.