Abstract
Aluminum (Al) toxicity is the major stress in acidic soil that comprises about 50% of the world's arable land. The complex molecular mechanisms of Al toxicity have yet to be fully determined. As a barrier to Al entrance, plant cell membranes play essential roles in plant interaction with Al, and lipid composition and membrane integrity change significantly under Al stress. Here, we show that phospholipase Dγs (PLDγs) are induced by Al stress and contribute to Al-induced membrane lipid alterations. RNAi suppression of PLDγ resulted in a decrease in both PLDγ1 and PLDγ2 expression and an increase in Al resistance. Genetic disruption of PLDγ1 also led to an increased tolerance to Al while knockout of PLDγ2 did not. Both RNAi-suppressed and pldγ1-1 mutants displayed better root growth than wild-type under Al stress conditions, and PLDγ1-deficient plants had less accumulation of callose, less oxidative damage, and less lipid peroxidation compared to wild-type plants. Most phospholipids and glycolipids were altered in response to Al treatment of wild-type plants, whereas fewer changes in lipids occurred in response to Al stress in PLDγ mutant lines. Our results suggest that PLDγs play a role in membrane lipid modulation under Al stress and that high activities of PLDγs negatively modulate plant tolerance to Al.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum stress induced PLDγs.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianat0 - Treatment
- Al stresse0
- Gene
- phospholipase Dγs (PLDγs)e0
- Outcome
- inducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“phospholipase Dγs (PLDγs) are induced by Al stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum stress altered membrane lipids through PLDγs.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- PLDγse0
- Outcome
- Al-induced membrane lipid alterationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“PLDγs) are induced by Al stress and contribute to Al-induced membrane lipid alterations”
Claim · model-written summary
RNAi suppression of PLDγ decreased PLDγ1 and PLDγ2 expression.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- RNAi suppression of PLDγe0
- Gene
- PLDγ1 and PLDγ2e0
- Outcome
- PLDγ1 and PLDγ2 expressione0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“RNAi suppression of PLDγ resulted in a decrease in both PLDγ1 and PLDγ2 expression”
Claim · model-written summary
RNAi suppression of PLDγ increased aluminum resistance.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- RNAi suppression of PLDγe0
- Outcome
- Al resistancee0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“RNAi suppression of PLDγ resulted in a decrease in both PLDγ1 and PLDγ2 expression and an increase in Al resistance”
Claim · model-written summary
Disruption of PLDγ1 increased aluminum tolerance.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- Genetic disruption of PLDγ1e0
- Gene
- PLDγ1e0
- Outcome
- tolerance to Ale0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“Genetic disruption of PLDγ1 also led to an increased tolerance to Al”
Claim · model-written summary
Knockout of PLDγ2 did not increase aluminum tolerance.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- knockout of PLDγ2e0
- Gene
- PLDγ2e0
- Outcome
- tolerance to Ale0
- Direction
- did note0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“Genetic disruption of PLDγ1 also led to an increased tolerance to Al while knockout of PLDγ2 did not”
Claim · model-written summary
RNAi-suppressed plants showed better root growth than wild type under aluminum stress.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- RNAi-suppressede0
- Treatment
- Al stresse0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- wild-typee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“Both RNAi-suppressed and pldγ1-1 mutants displayed better root growth than wild-type under Al stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
pldγ1-1 mutants showed better root growth than wild type under aluminum stress.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- pldγ1-1 mutantse0
- Treatment
- Al stresse0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- wild-typee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“Both RNAi-suppressed and pldγ1-1 mutants displayed better root growth than wild-type under Al stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
PLDγ1-deficient plants accumulated less callose than wild type.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- PLDγ1-deficient plantse0
- Outcome
- accumulation of callosee0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- wild-type plantse0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“PLDγ1-deficient plants had less accumulation of callose, less oxidative damage, and less lipid peroxidation compared to wild-type plants”
Claim · model-written summary
PLDγ1-deficient plants had less oxidative damage than wild type.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- PLDγ1-deficient plantse0
- Outcome
- oxidative damagee0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- wild-type plantse0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“PLDγ1-deficient plants had less accumulation of callose, less oxidative damage, and less lipid peroxidation compared to wild-type plants”
Claim · model-written summary
PLDγ1-deficient plants had less lipid peroxidation than wild type.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- PLDγ1-deficient plantse0
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidatione0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- wild-type plantse0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“PLDγ1-deficient plants had less accumulation of callose, less oxidative damage, and less lipid peroxidation compared to wild-type plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum altered most phospholipids and glycolipids in wild-type plants.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- wild-type plantse0
- Treatment
- Al treatmente0
- Outcome
- phospholipids and glycolipidse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“Most phospholipids and glycolipids were altered in response to Al treatment of wild-type plants”
Claim · model-written summary
PLDγ mutant lines showed fewer lipid changes under aluminum stress than wild type.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- PLDγ mutant linese0
- Treatment
- Al stresse0
- Outcome
- changes in lipidse0
- Direction
- fewere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“whereas fewer changes in lipids occurred in response to Al stress in PLDγ mutant lines”
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