Abstract
Abstract Beneficial effects of aluminum (Al) on plant growth have been reported for plant species adapted to acid soils. However, mechanisms underlying the stimulatory effect of Al have not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to determine the possible contribution of photosynthesis, antioxidative defense, and the metabolism of both nitrogen and phenolics to the Al‐induced growth stimulation in tea ( Camellia sinensis [L.] Kuntze) plants. In hydroponics, shoot growth achieved its maximum at 50 μM Al suply (24 μM Al 3+ activity). A more than threefold increase of root biomass was observed for plants supplied with 300 μM Al (125 μM Al 3+ activity). Total root length was positively related to root Al concentrations ( r = 0.98). Chlorophyll a and carotenoid concentrations and net assimilation rates were considerably enhanced by Al supply in the young but not in the old leaves. Activity of nitrate reductase was not influenced by Al. Higher concentrations of soluble nitrogen compounds (nitrate, nitrite, amino acids) and reduction of protein concentrations suggest Al‐induced protein degradation. This occurred concomitantly with enhanced net CO 2 ‐assimilation rates and carbohydrate concentrations. Aluminum treatments activated antioxidant defense enzymes and increased free proline content. Lowering of malondialdehyde concentrations by Al supply indicates that membrane integrity was not impaired by Al. Leaves and roots of Al‐treated plants had considerably lower phenolic and lignin concentrations in the cell walls, but a higher proportion of soluble phenolics. In conclusion, Al‐induced growth stimulation in tea plants was mediated by higher photosynthesis rate and increased antioxidant defense. Additionally, greater root surface area may improve water and nutrient uptake by the plants.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot growth peaked at 50 μM aluminum.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“tea (Camellia sinensis)”
e0“In hydroponics, shoot growth achieved its maximum at 50 μM Al suply (24 μM Al 3+ activity).”
e1“Al‐induced growth stimulation in tea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Root biomass more than tripled with 300 μM aluminum.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“tea (Camellia sinensis)”
e0“A more than threefold increase of root biomass was observed for plants supplied with 300 μM Al (125 μM Al 3+ activity).”
e1“Al‐induced growth stimulation in tea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Root length was positively related to root aluminum concentration.
Verbatim
t0“tea (Camellia sinensis)”
e0“Total root length was positively related to root Al concentrations ( r = 0.98).”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum enhanced chlorophyll a, carotenoids and net assimilation in young leaves but not old leaves.
- Taxon
- teat0
- Organ / stage
- younge0
- Treatment
- Ale1
- Outcome
- Chlorophyll a and carotenoid concentrations and net assimilation ratese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- but not in the old leavese0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“tea (Camellia sinensis)”
e0“Chlorophyll a and carotenoid concentrations and net assimilation rates were considerably enhanced by Al supply in the young but not in the old leaves.”
e1“Al‐induced growth stimulation in tea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate reductase activity was unchanged by aluminum.
- Taxon
- teat0
- Treatment
- Ale1
- Gene
- nitrate reductasee0
- Outcome
- Activity of nitrate reductasee0
- Direction
- not influencede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“tea (Camellia sinensis)”
e0“Activity of nitrate reductase was not influenced by Al.”
e1“Al‐induced growth stimulation in tea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Soluble nitrogen compounds were higher under aluminum.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“tea (Camellia sinensis)”
e0“Higher concentrations of soluble nitrogen compounds (nitrate, nitrite, amino acids) and reduction of protein concentrations suggest Al‐induced protein degradation.”
e1“Al‐induced growth stimulation in tea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Protein concentrations were reduced under aluminum.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“tea (Camellia sinensis)”
e0“Higher concentrations of soluble nitrogen compounds (nitrate, nitrite, amino acids) and reduction of protein concentrations suggest Al‐induced protein degradation.”
e1“Al‐induced growth stimulation in tea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum enhanced net CO2 assimilation and carbohydrate concentrations.
- Taxon
- teat0
- Treatment
- Ale1
- Outcome
- net CO 2 ‐assimilation rates and carbohydrate concentrationse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“tea (Camellia sinensis)”
e0“This occurred concomitantly with enhanced net CO 2 ‐assimilation rates and carbohydrate concentrations.”
e1“Al‐induced growth stimulation in tea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum activated antioxidant defense enzymes and raised free proline.
- Taxon
- teat0
- Treatment
- Aluminum treatmentse0
- Outcome
- antioxidant defense enzymes and increased free proline contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“tea (Camellia sinensis)”
e0“Aluminum treatments activated antioxidant defense enzymes and increased free proline content.”
e1“Al‐induced growth stimulation in tea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum lowered malondialdehyde concentrations.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“tea (Camellia sinensis)”
e0“Lowering of malondialdehyde concentrations by Al supply indicates that membrane integrity was not impaired by Al.”
e1“Al‐induced growth stimulation in tea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf and root cell walls had lower phenolic and lignin concentrations after aluminum treatment.
- Taxon
- teat0
- Treatment
- Ale1
- Outcome
- phenolic and lignin concentrations in the cell wallse0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“tea (Camellia sinensis)”
e0“Leaves and roots of Al‐treated plants had considerably lower phenolic and lignin concentrations in the cell walls, but a higher proportion of soluble phenolics.”
e1“Al‐induced growth stimulation in tea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum-treated plants had a higher proportion of soluble phenolics.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“tea (Camellia sinensis)”
e0“Leaves and roots of Al‐treated plants had considerably lower phenolic and lignin concentrations in the cell walls, but a higher proportion of soluble phenolics.”
e1“Al‐induced growth stimulation in tea plants”
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