Abstract
Poor nitrogen use efficiency in rice production is a critical issue in China. Site-specific N managements (SSNM) such as real-time N management (RTNM) and fixed-time adjustable-dose N management (FTNM) improve fertilizer-N use efficiency of irrigated rice. This study was aimed to compare the different nitrogen (N) rates and application methods (FFP, SSNM, and RTNM methods) under with- and without-fungicide application conditions on grain yield, yield components, solar radiation use efficiency (RUE), agronomic-nitrogen use efficiency (AEN), and sheath blight disease intensity. Field experiments were carried out at Liuyang County, Hunan Province, China, during 2006 and 2007. A super hybrid rice Liangyou 293 (LY293) was used as experimental material. The results showed that RTNM and SSNM have great potential for improving agronomic-nitrogen use efficiency without sacrificing the grain yield. There were significant differences in light interception rate, sheath blight disease incidence (DI) and the disease index (ShBI), and total dry matter among the different nitrogen management methods. The radiation use efficiency was increased in a certain level of applied N. But, the harvest index (HI) decreased with the increase in applied N. There is a quadratic curve relationship between grain yield and applied N rates. With the same N fertilizer rate, different fertilizer-N application methods affected the RUE and grain yield. The fungicide application not only improved the canopy light interception rate, RUE, grain filling, and harvest index, but also reduced the degree of sheath blight disease. The treatment of RTNM under the SPAD threshold value 40 obtained the highest yield. While the treatment of SSNM led to the highest nitrogen agronomic efficiency and higher rice yield, and decreased the infestation of sheath blight disease dramatically as well. Nitrogen application regimes and diseases control in rice caused obvious effects on light interception rate, RUE, and HI. Optimal N rate is helpful to get higher light interception rate, RUE, and HI. Disease control with fungicide application decreased and delayed the negative effects of the high N on rice yield formation. SSNM and RTNM under the proper SPAD threshold value obtained highyield with high efficiency and could alleviate environmental pollution in rice production.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
RTNM and SSNM have great potential for improving agronomic-nitrogen use efficiency without sacrificing grain yield in rice.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae2 - Material
- Liangyou 293e2
- Treatment
- RTNM and SSNMe1
- Outcome
- agronomic-nitrogen use efficiencye1
- Direction
- improvinge1
- Qualifier
- without sacrificing the grain yielde1
- Setting
- Liuyang County, Hunan Province, Chinae3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“RTNM and SSNM have great potential for improving agronomic-nitrogen use efficiency without sacrificing the grain yield”
e2“A super hybrid rice Liangyou 293 (LY293) was used as experimental material”
e3“Field experiments were carried out at Liuyang County, Hunan Province, China, during 2006 and 2007”
Claim · model-written summary
Light interception rate, sheath blight disease incidence and disease index differed significantly among nitrogen management methods in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Material
- Liangyou 293e2
- Treatment
- nitrogen management methodse1
- Outcome
- light interception rate, sheath blight disease incidence (DI) and the disease index (ShBI)e1
- Setting
- Liuyang County, Hunan Province, Chinae3
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“There were significant differences in light interception rate, sheath blight disease incidence (DI) and the disease index (ShBI), and total dry matter among the different nitrogen management methods”
e2“A super hybrid rice Liangyou 293 (LY293) was used as experimental material”
e3“Field experiments were carried out at Liuyang County, Hunan Province, China, during 2006 and 2007”
Claim · model-written summary
Total dry matter differed significantly among nitrogen management methods in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Material
- Liangyou 293e2
- Treatment
- nitrogen management methodse1
- Outcome
- total dry mattere1
- Setting
- Liuyang County, Hunan Province, Chinae3
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“There were significant differences in light interception rate, sheath blight disease incidence (DI) and the disease index (ShBI), and total dry matter among the different nitrogen management methods”
e2“A super hybrid rice Liangyou 293 (LY293) was used as experimental material”
e3“Field experiments were carried out at Liuyang County, Hunan Province, China, during 2006 and 2007”
Claim · model-written summary
Radiation use efficiency of rice increased at a certain level of applied N.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Material
- Liangyou 293e2
- Treatment
- applied Ne1
- Outcome
- radiation use efficiencye1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Setting
- Liuyang County, Hunan Province, Chinae3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The radiation use efficiency was increased in a certain level of applied N”
e2“A super hybrid rice Liangyou 293 (LY293) was used as experimental material”
e3“Field experiments were carried out at Liuyang County, Hunan Province, China, during 2006 and 2007”
Claim · model-written summary
Harvest index of rice decreased as applied N increased.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Material
- Liangyou 293e2
- Treatment
- applied Ne1
- Outcome
- harvest index (HI)e1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Setting
- Liuyang County, Hunan Province, Chinae3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“But, the harvest index (HI) decreased with the increase in applied N”
e2“A super hybrid rice Liangyou 293 (LY293) was used as experimental material”
e3“Field experiments were carried out at Liuyang County, Hunan Province, China, during 2006 and 2007”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield of rice has a quadratic relationship with applied N rate.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Material
- Liangyou 293e2
- Treatment
- applied N ratese1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Setting
- Liuyang County, Hunan Province, Chinae3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“There is a quadratic curve relationship between grain yield and applied N rates”
e2“A super hybrid rice Liangyou 293 (LY293) was used as experimental material”
e3“Field experiments were carried out at Liuyang County, Hunan Province, China, during 2006 and 2007”
Claim · model-written summary
Different fertilizer-N application methods affected radiation use efficiency and grain yield of rice at the same N rate.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Material
- Liangyou 293e2
- Treatment
- different fertilizer-N application methodse1
- Outcome
- RUE and grain yielde1
- Setting
- Liuyang County, Hunan Province, Chinae3
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“With the same N fertilizer rate, different fertilizer-N application methods affected the RUE and grain yield”
e2“A super hybrid rice Liangyou 293 (LY293) was used as experimental material”
e3“Field experiments were carried out at Liuyang County, Hunan Province, China, during 2006 and 2007”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide application improved canopy light interception rate, radiation use efficiency and grain filling of rice relative to no fungicide.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Material
- Liangyou 293e2
- Treatment
- fungicide applicatione1
- Outcome
- canopy light interception rate, RUE, grain fillinge1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Comparator
- without-fungicide applicatione4
- Setting
- Liuyang County, Hunan Province, Chinae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The fungicide application not only improved the canopy light interception rate, RUE, grain filling, and harvest index, but also reduced the degree of sheath blight disease”
e2“A super hybrid rice Liangyou 293 (LY293) was used as experimental material”
e3“Field experiments were carried out at Liuyang County, Hunan Province, China, during 2006 and 2007”
e4“under with- and without-fungicide application conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide application improved harvest index of rice relative to no fungicide.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Material
- Liangyou 293e2
- Treatment
- fungicide applicatione1
- Outcome
- harvest indexe1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Comparator
- without-fungicide applicatione4
- Setting
- Liuyang County, Hunan Province, Chinae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The fungicide application not only improved the canopy light interception rate, RUE, grain filling, and harvest index, but also reduced the degree of sheath blight disease”
e2“A super hybrid rice Liangyou 293 (LY293) was used as experimental material”
e3“Field experiments were carried out at Liuyang County, Hunan Province, China, during 2006 and 2007”
e4“under with- and without-fungicide application conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide application reduced the degree of sheath blight disease in rice relative to no fungicide.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Material
- Liangyou 293e2
- Treatment
- fungicide applicatione1
- Outcome
- degree of sheath blight diseasee1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- without-fungicide applicatione4
- Setting
- Liuyang County, Hunan Province, Chinae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The fungicide application not only improved the canopy light interception rate, RUE, grain filling, and harvest index, but also reduced the degree of sheath blight disease”
e2“A super hybrid rice Liangyou 293 (LY293) was used as experimental material”
e3“Field experiments were carried out at Liuyang County, Hunan Province, China, during 2006 and 2007”
e4“under with- and without-fungicide application conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide application decreased and delayed the negative effects of high N on rice yield formation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Material
- Liangyou 293e2
- Treatment
- fungicide applicatione5
- Outcome
- negative effects of the high N on rice yield formatione5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Setting
- Liuyang County, Hunan Province, Chinae3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Disease control with fungicide application decreased and delayed the negative effects of the high N on rice yield formation”
e2“A super hybrid rice Liangyou 293 (LY293) was used as experimental material”
e3“Field experiments were carried out at Liuyang County, Hunan Province, China, during 2006 and 2007”
Claim · model-written summary
RTNM under the SPAD threshold value 40 gave the highest rice yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Material
- Liangyou 293e2
- Treatment
- RTNM under the SPAD threshold value 40e6
- Outcome
- yielde6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Setting
- Liuyang County, Hunan Province, Chinae3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“The treatment of RTNM under the SPAD threshold value 40 obtained the highest yield”
e2“A super hybrid rice Liangyou 293 (LY293) was used as experimental material”
e3“Field experiments were carried out at Liuyang County, Hunan Province, China, during 2006 and 2007”
Claim · model-written summary
SSNM gave the highest nitrogen agronomic efficiency in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Material
- Liangyou 293e2
- Treatment
- SSNMe7
- Outcome
- nitrogen agronomic efficiencye7
- Direction
- higheste7
- Setting
- Liuyang County, Hunan Province, Chinae3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“While the treatment of SSNM led to the highest nitrogen agronomic efficiency and higher rice yield, and decreased the infestation of sheath blight disease dramatically as well”
e2“A super hybrid rice Liangyou 293 (LY293) was used as experimental material”
e3“Field experiments were carried out at Liuyang County, Hunan Province, China, during 2006 and 2007”
Claim · model-written summary
SSNM led to higher rice yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Material
- Liangyou 293e2
- Treatment
- SSNMe7
- Outcome
- rice yielde7
- Direction
- highere7
- Setting
- Liuyang County, Hunan Province, Chinae3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“While the treatment of SSNM led to the highest nitrogen agronomic efficiency and higher rice yield, and decreased the infestation of sheath blight disease dramatically as well”
e2“A super hybrid rice Liangyou 293 (LY293) was used as experimental material”
e3“Field experiments were carried out at Liuyang County, Hunan Province, China, during 2006 and 2007”
Claim · model-written summary
SSNM decreased the infestation of sheath blight disease in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Material
- Liangyou 293e2
- Treatment
- SSNMe7
- Outcome
- infestation of sheath blight diseasee7
- Direction
- decreasede7
- Setting
- Liuyang County, Hunan Province, Chinae3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“While the treatment of SSNM led to the highest nitrogen agronomic efficiency and higher rice yield, and decreased the infestation of sheath blight disease dramatically as well”
e2“A super hybrid rice Liangyou 293 (LY293) was used as experimental material”
e3“Field experiments were carried out at Liuyang County, Hunan Province, China, during 2006 and 2007”
Claim · model-written summary
SSNM and RTNM could alleviate environmental pollution in rice production.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- environmental pollutione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SSNM and RTNM under the proper SPAD threshold value obtained highyield with high efficiency and could alleviate environmental pollution in rice production”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimal N rate is associated with higher light interception rate, RUE and harvest index in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Material
- Liangyou 293e2
- Treatment
- Optimal N ratee0
- Outcome
- light interception rate, RUE, and HIe0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Optimal N rate is helpful to get higher light interception rate, RUE, and HI”
e2“A super hybrid rice Liangyou 293 (LY293) was used as experimental material”
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