Abstract
Wheat seedlings obtained after 2 or 3 days of seed germination in darkness at 20°C (i.e. with a 0.5–0.7 cm long coleoptile) were still viable after drying in darkness in ambient conditions which reduced the shoot moisture content to about 0.30 g H 2 O g −1 dry mass (DM). Coleoptile and primary leaf growth resumed upon rehydration, but primary roots died and new roots regenerated. In the present work we have investigated whether desiccation tolerance of the shoot (coleoptile and primary leaf combined) was related to some reversible cellular or metabolic changes induced by dehydration. Non‐dehydrated shoots were high in moisture content (4.0–5.0 g H 2 O g −1 DM) and exhibited an active metabolism as indicated by a high energy charge (EC = 0.85) and cells with well developed mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, polysomes and Golgi bodies. Dehydration induced changes in cell membrane properties since it reduced in vivo capacity of the shoot to convert 1‐aminocyclopropane 1‐carboxylic acid (ACC) to ethylene (i.e. ACC oxidase activity). This effect was already observed at 4–5 h of dehydration, namely when shoot moisture content dropped down below about 3.0 g H 2 O g −1 DM, and ACC‐dependent ethylene production became almost nil when shoot moisture content reached 1.0 g H 2 O g −1 DM. Dehydration also resulted in decreases in ATP and non‐adenylic triphosphate nucleotide (NTP) contents down to 1–2% of their initial values, and in EC value to 0.20. Concomitant with water loss, sucrose content of the shoot increased and was maximal (about 330 mg g −1 DM, namely three‐fold that of non‐dehydrated organs) after 2 days of drying. Upon rehydration, shoots regained their original moisture content within 3 days, during which they progressively recovered apparent normal metabolism. Reversal of extensive dehydration‐associated cell wall folding occurred between 2 and 3 days of rehydration, when the ultrastructure of coleoptile and primary leaf cells also provided evidence of intensive autophagic activity, indicative of the removal of damaged cell components. Concomitantly, apparently undamaged organelles and endomembranes persisted in the cytoplasm. Restoration of 60–70% of ACC oxidase activity and 80–90% of EC value occurred within 48 and 18 h, respectively. However, the values of the ATP/ADP and NTP/ATP ratios remained lower than in control non‐dehydrated shoots, indicating that not all metabolic deterioration induced by dehydration was completely repaired. Differences in relationships between shoot moisture content and ACC‐oxidase activity or energy metabolism during dehydration and upon rehydration, and cell ultrastruture analyses suggest that desiccation tolerance of wheat seedling shoot is related to mechanisms involved in the maintenance of cell structure during water loss and the cell capacity to repair the dehydration damage.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Young wheat seedlings remained viable after drying reduced shoot moisture to about 0.30 g H 2 O g −1 dry mass.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- drying in darkness in ambient conditionse0
- Outcome
- still viablee0
- Value
- about 0.30 g H 2 O g −1 dry mass (DM)e0
- Qualifier
- after 2 or 3 days of seed germination in darkness at 20°Ce0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat seedlings obtained after 2 or 3 days of seed germination in darkness at 20°C (i.e. with a 0.5–0.7 cm long coleoptile) were still viable after drying in darkness in ambient conditions which reduced the shoot moisture content to about 0.30 g H 2 O g −1 dry mass (DM).”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat coleoptile and primary leaf growth resumed on rehydration.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- rehydratione0
- Outcome
- Coleoptile and primary leaf growth resumede0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Coleoptile and primary leaf growth resumed upon rehydration, but primary roots died and new roots regenerated.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat primary roots died and new roots regenerated.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- primary roots died and new roots regeneratede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“primary roots died and new roots regenerated.”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-dehydrated wheat shoots had moisture content of 4.0–5.0 g H 2 O g −1 DM.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- moisture contente0
- Direction
- highe0
- Value
- 4.0–5.0 g H 2 O g −1 DMe0
- Qualifier
- Non‐dehydratede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Non‐dehydrated shoots were high in moisture content (4.0–5.0 g H 2 O g −1 DM) and exhibited an active metabolism as indicated by a high energy charge (EC = 0.85) and cells with well developed mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, polysomes and Golgi bodies.”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-dehydrated wheat shoots had active metabolism with EC of 0.85 and well-developed organelles.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- energy chargee0
- Direction
- highe0
- Value
- 0.85e0
- Qualifier
- cells with well developed mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, polysomes and Golgi bodiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Non‐dehydrated shoots were high in moisture content (4.0–5.0 g H 2 O g −1 DM) and exhibited an active metabolism as indicated by a high energy charge (EC = 0.85) and cells with well developed mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, polysomes and Golgi bodies.”
Claim · model-written summary
Dehydration reduced wheat shoot ACC oxidase activity, already evident after 4–5 hours below about 3.0 g H 2 O g −1 DM moisture.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Dehydratione0
- Outcome
- ACC oxidase activitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- at 4–5 h of dehydration, namely when shoot moisture content dropped down below about 3.0 g H 2 O g −1 DMe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Dehydration induced changes in cell membrane properties since it reduced in vivo capacity of the shoot to convert 1‐aminocyclopropane 1‐carboxylic acid (ACC) to ethylene (i.e. ACC oxidase activity).”
e1“This effect was already observed at 4–5 h of dehydration, namely when shoot moisture content dropped down below about 3.0 g H 2 O g −1 DM”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat ACC-dependent ethylene production became almost nil at shoot moisture of 1.0 g H 2 O g −1 DM.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- ACC‐dependent ethylene productione0
- Direction
- became almost nile0
- Qualifier
- when shoot moisture content reached 1.0 g H 2 O g −1 DMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“ACC‐dependent ethylene production became almost nil when shoot moisture content reached 1.0 g H 2 O g −1 DM.”
Claim · model-written summary
Dehydration decreased wheat ATP and NTP contents to 1–2% of initial values.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Dehydratione0
- Outcome
- ATP and non‐adenylic triphosphate nucleotide (NTP) contentse0
- Direction
- decreasese0
- Value
- 1–2%e0
- Comparator
- initial valuese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Dehydration also resulted in decreases in ATP and non‐adenylic triphosphate nucleotide (NTP) contents down to 1–2% of their initial values, and in EC value to 0.20.”
Claim · model-written summary
Dehydration decreased wheat EC to 0.20.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Dehydration also resulted in decreases in ATP and non‐adenylic triphosphate nucleotide (NTP) contents down to 1–2% of their initial values, and in EC value to 0.20.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat shoot sucrose increased to a maximum of about 330 mg g −1 DM after two days of drying, three times non-dehydrated levels.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- dryinge0
- Outcome
- sucrose content of the shoote0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- about 330 mg g −1 DMe0
- Qualifier
- after 2 days of dryinge0
- Comparator
- non‐dehydrated organse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Concomitant with water loss, sucrose content of the shoot increased and was maximal (about 330 mg g −1 DM, namely three‐fold that of non‐dehydrated organs) after 2 days of drying.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat shoots regained original moisture content within three days of rehydration and progressively recovered apparently normal metabolism.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- rehydratione0
- Outcome
- original moisture contente0
- Direction
- regainede0
- Qualifier
- within 3 days, during which they progressively recovered apparent normal metabolisme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Upon rehydration, shoots regained their original moisture content within 3 days, during which they progressively recovered apparent normal metabolism.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat cell-wall folding reversed between two and three days of rehydration.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- rehydratione0
- Outcome
- Reversal of extensive dehydration‐associated cell wall foldinge0
- Qualifier
- between 2 and 3 dayse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Reversal of extensive dehydration‐associated cell wall folding occurred between 2 and 3 days of rehydration”
Claim · model-written summary
Rehydrating wheat coleoptile and primary leaf cells showed intensive autophagic activity indicative of damaged-component removal.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- coleoptile and primary leaf cellse0
- Outcome
- intensive autophagic activitye0
- Qualifier
- indicative of the removal of damaged cell componentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“the ultrastructure of coleoptile and primary leaf cells also provided evidence of intensive autophagic activity, indicative of the removal of damaged cell components.”
Claim · model-written summary
Apparently undamaged organelles and endomembranes persisted in wheat cytoplasm during recovery.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- apparently undamaged organelles and endomembranes persisted in the cytoplasme0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Concomitantly, apparently undamaged organelles and endomembranes persisted in the cytoplasm.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat restored 60–70% of ACC oxidase activity within 48 hours.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- ACC oxidase activitye0
- Direction
- Restoratione0
- Value
- 60–70%e0
- Qualifier
- 48e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Restoration of 60–70% of ACC oxidase activity and 80–90% of EC value occurred within 48 and 18 h, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat restored 80–90% of EC value within 18 hours.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Restoration of 60–70% of ACC oxidase activity and 80–90% of EC value occurred within 48 and 18 h, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat ATP/ADP and NTP/ATP ratios remained below non-dehydrated controls, indicating incomplete metabolic repair.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- ATP/ADP and NTP/ATP ratiose0
- Direction
- remained lowere0
- Qualifier
- not all metabolic deterioration induced by dehydration was completely repairede0
- Comparator
- control non‐dehydrated shootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“However, the values of the ATP/ADP and NTP/ATP ratios remained lower than in control non‐dehydrated shoots, indicating that not all metabolic deterioration induced by dehydration was completely repaired.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat shoot desiccation tolerance was suggested to involve maintaining cell structure during water loss and repairing dehydration damage.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- desiccation tolerancee0
- Qualifier
- maintenance of cell structure during water loss and the cell capacity to repair the dehydration damagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“suggest that desiccation tolerance of wheat seedling shoot is related to mechanisms involved in the maintenance of cell structure during water loss and the cell capacity to repair the dehydration damage.”
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