Abstract
Biological control and induced resistance are two of the promising approaches to the control of postharvest diseases. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of salicylic acid (SA) alone or in combination with an antagonistic yeast, Cryptococcus laurentii , in controlling the blue mold disease caused by Penicillium expansum on apple fruit wounds. SA alone significantly inhibited the spore germination of P. expansum in vitro when its concentration was increased to 1000 μg ml −1 , but it was not effective in controlling the disease in vivo . Simultaneous application of SA and C. laurentii to the wounds on the apple fruit surface showed that SA could improve the efficacy of C. laurentii against P. expansum in a concentration-dependent manner, being most effective at 10 μg ml −1 but less effective at a higher or lower concentrations. Besides reducing the blue mold incidence in the local wound sites, the combination of C. laurentii with SA at 10 μg ml −1 also had a synergistic effect on the induction of fruit resistance to the disease, which might be associated with a rapid increase in peroxidase, phenylalanineamonialyase and lipoxygenase activities. In addition, SA at 100 μg ml −1 or above showed an adverse effect on the growth of C. laurentii in vitro and in vivo , whereas it had no effect when its concentration was decreased to 10 μg ml −1 or lower. This suggested that SA could enhance the biological activity of C. laurentii in apple fruit by inducing resistance to pathogens based on the antagonistic activity of C. laurentii .
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid at 1000 μg ml −1 significantly inhibited P. expansum spore germination in vitro.
- Taxon
- Apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- SA alonee0
- Interactor
- P. expansum
Penicillium expansume0pathogen - Outcome
- spore germination of P. expansume0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 1000 μg ml −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Fruit”
e0“SA alone significantly inhibited the spore germination of P. expansum in vitro when its concentration was increased to 1000 μg ml −1”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid alone was not effective against blue mold in vivo.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- SAe1
- Outcome
- controlling the diseasee0
- Direction
- not effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Fruit”
e0“but it was not effective in controlling the disease in vivo”
e1“SA alone significantly inhibited the spore germination of P. expansum in vitro when its concentration was increased to 1000 μg ml −1”
Claim · model-written summary
Simultaneous salicylic acid and C. laurentii improved control of P. expansum in a concentration-dependent way, most effectively at 10 μg ml −1.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Simultaneous application of SA and C. laurentiie0
- Interactor
- P. expansumPenicillium expansume0pathogen
- Second interactor
- C. laurentiiPapiliotrema laurentiie0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- efficacy of C. laurentii against P. expansume0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
- Value
- 10 μg ml −1e0
- Comparator
- a higher or lower concentrationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Fruit”
e0“Simultaneous application of SA and C. laurentii to the wounds on the apple fruit surface showed that SA could improve the efficacy of C. laurentii against P. expansum in a concentration-dependent manner, being most effective at 10 μg ml −1 but less effective at a higher or lower concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
The yeast and salicylic acid combination reduced blue mold incidence at local wound sites.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- combination of C. laurentii with SA at 10 μg ml −1e0
- Interactor
- C. laurentiiPapiliotrema laurentiie0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- blue mold incidence in the local wound sitese0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Fruit”
e0“Besides reducing the blue mold incidence in the local wound sites, the combination of C. laurentii with SA at 10 μg ml −1 also had a synergistic effect”
Claim · model-written summary
The yeast and salicylic acid combination synergistically induced fruit resistance to blue mold.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- combination of C. laurentii with SA at 10 μg ml −1e0
- Interactor
- C. laurentiiPapiliotrema laurentiie0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- induction of fruit resistance to the diseasee0
- Direction
- synergistic effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Fruit”
e0“the combination of C. laurentii with SA at 10 μg ml −1 also had a synergistic effect on the induction of fruit resistance to the disease”
Claim · model-written summary
The induced resistance might be associated with rapid rises in three defense enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Gene
- peroxidase, phenylalanineamonialyase and lipoxygenasee0
- Outcome
- peroxidase, phenylalanineamonialyase and lipoxygenase activitiese0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Fruit”
e0“which might be associated with a rapid increase in peroxidase, phenylalanineamonialyase and lipoxygenase activities”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid at 100 μg ml −1 or above adversely affected C. laurentii growth.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- SA at 100 μg ml −1 or abovee0
- Interactor
- C. laurentiiPapiliotrema laurentiie0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- growth of C. laurentiie0
- Direction
- adverse effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Fruit”
e0“SA at 100 μg ml −1 or above showed an adverse effect on the growth of C. laurentii in vitro and in vivo”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid at 10 μg ml −1 or lower did not affect C. laurentii growth.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 10 μg ml −1 or lowere0
- Interactor
- C. laurentiiPapiliotrema laurentiie1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- growth of C. laurentiie1
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Fruit”
e0“whereas it had no effect when its concentration was decreased to 10 μg ml −1 or lower”
e1“growth of C. laurentii”
The same questions in other papers
salicylic acid · disease · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
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- negative
- positive
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See all 7 papers →salicylic acid · Penicillium expansum · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Papiliotrema laurentii · Penicillium expansum · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
salicylic acid · molecular: expression · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
7 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
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See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.