Abstract
Grafting watermelon onto bottle gourd rootstock is commonly used method to generate resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (FON), but knowledge of the effect of the root exudates of grafted watermelon on this soil-borne pathogen in rhizosphere remains limited. To investigate the root exudate profiles of the own-root bottle gourd, grafted-root watermelon and own-root watermelon, recirculating hydroponic culture system was developed to continuously trap these root exudates. Both conidial germination and growth of FON were significantly decreased in the presence of root exudates from the grafted-root watermelon compared with the own-root watermelon. HPLC analysis revealed that the composition of the root exudates released by the grafted-root watermelon differed not only from the own-root watermelon but also from the bottle gourd rootstock plants. We identified salicylic acid in all 3 root exudates, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid in root exudates from own-root bottle gourd and grafted-root watermelon but not own-root watermelon, and abundant cinnamic acid only in own-root watermelon root exudates. The chlorogenic and caffeic acid were candidates for potentiating the enhanced resistance of the grafted watermelon to FON, therefore we tested the effects of the two compounds on the conidial germination and growth of FON. Both phenolic acids inhibited FON conidial germination and growth in a dose-dependent manner, and FON was much more susceptible to chlorogenic acid than to caffeic acid. In conclusion, the key factor in attaining the resistance to Fusarium wilt is grafting on the non-host root stock, however, the root exudates profile also showed some contribution in inhibiting FON. These results will help to better clarify the disease resistance mechanisms of grafted-root watermelon based on plant-microbe communication and will guide the improvement of strategies against Fusarium-mediated wilt of watermelon plants.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Grafted watermelon exudates significantly reduced Fusarium conidial germination relative to own-root watermelon exudates.
- Taxon
- watermelon
Citrullus lanatuse0 - Treatment
- root exudates from the grafted-root watermelone0
- Interactor
- FONe0pathogen
- Outcome
- conidial germinatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- own-root watermelone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both conidial germination and growth of FON were significantly decreased in the presence of root exudates from the grafted-root watermelon compared with the own-root watermelon.”
Claim · model-written summary
Grafted watermelon exudates significantly reduced Fusarium growth relative to own-root watermelon exudates.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse0
- Treatment
- root exudates from the grafted-root watermelone0
- Interactor
- FONe0pathogen
- Outcome
- growth of FONe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- own-root watermelone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both conidial germination and growth of FON were significantly decreased in the presence of root exudates from the grafted-root watermelon compared with the own-root watermelon.”
Claim · model-written summary
Grafted watermelon exudate composition differed from own-root watermelon and bottle gourd.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse0
- Outcome
- composition of the root exudatese0
- Direction
- differede0
- Comparator
- own-root watermelone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the composition of the root exudates released by the grafted-root watermelon differed not only from the own-root watermelon but also from the bottle gourd rootstock plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid occurred in all three root exudates.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Outcome
- salicylic acid in all 3 root exudatese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We identified salicylic acid in all 3 root exudates”
t0“Watermelon”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorogenic and caffeic acids occurred in bottle gourd and grafted watermelon exudates but not own-root watermelon exudates.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse0
- Outcome
- chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid in root exudatese0
- Comparator
- own-root watermelone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid in root exudates from own-root bottle gourd and grafted-root watermelon but not own-root watermelon”
Claim · model-written summary
Abundant cinnamic acid occurred only in own-root watermelon exudates.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse0
- Material
- own-root watermelone0
- Outcome
- abundant cinnamic acide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“abundant cinnamic acid only in own-root watermelon root exudates.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorogenic acid inhibited Fusarium conidial germination and growth with dose dependence.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- chlorogenic acide0
- Interactor
- FONe0pathogen
- Outcome
- FON conidial germination and growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both phenolic acids inhibited FON conidial germination and growth in a dose-dependent manner, and FON was much more susceptible to chlorogenic acid than to caffeic acid.”
t0“Watermelon”
Claim · model-written summary
Caffeic acid inhibited Fusarium conidial germination and growth with dose dependence.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- caffeic acide0
- Interactor
- FONe0pathogen
- Outcome
- FON conidial germination and growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both phenolic acids inhibited FON conidial germination and growth in a dose-dependent manner, and FON was much more susceptible to chlorogenic acid than to caffeic acid.”
t0“Watermelon”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium was more susceptible to chlorogenic than caffeic acid.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- chlorogenic acide0
- Interactor
- FONe0pathogen
- Outcome
- FON was much more susceptiblee0
- Direction
- more susceptiblee0
- Comparator
- caffeic acide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FON was much more susceptible to chlorogenic acid than to caffeic acid.”
t0“Watermelon”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute primary wilt resistance to grafting on a non-host rootstock, with additional contribution from exudates.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- grafting on the non-host root stocke0
- Interactor
- FONe0pathogen
- Outcome
- resistance to Fusarium wilte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the key factor in attaining the resistance to Fusarium wilt is grafting on the non-host root stock, however, the root exudates profile also showed some contribution in inhibiting FON.”
t0“Watermelon”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.