Abstract
Abstract Flooding is considered essential for the optimum growth and yield of rice ( Oryza sativa ). The benefits of flooding are not well understood, even though they have been associated with a reduction in soil moisture stress, alteration of root development, increased availability of plant nutrients, control of weeds, and a modified microclimate environment. Since modification of soil aggregation may also influence some of the same plant responses as flooding, these effects were examined. The growth and development of rice, cv. ‘Calrose,’ was closely observed from seedling stage to maturity in a controlled greenhouse environment. At harvest the yield components, total yield of grain and straw, root production and distribution, and total uptake of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, Fe, and Si were determined. Rice plants grown under flooded conditions were superior to nonflooded plants except for the first 40 days after planting. Soil aggregation had little effect on the growth and development of flooded rice, but nonflooded rice was benefited by the puddled soil. Flooded roots developed predominately near the soil surface while nonflooded roots permeated the soil profile more uniformly to depths of 30 cm. Puddled, nonflooded soil greatly reduced root development because of apparent high soil bulk density. Flooded plants were superior in grain yield, straw yield, total dry matter production, panicles per plant, grains per panicle, and percent of filled florets. Except for lower total dry matter production on the 5 to 15‐mmdiameter flooded soil soil aggregates, there were no significant effects of aggregation on yield or yield components. Nonflooded plants were superior on the puddled soil treatment. Flooded plants absorbed more P, Fe, and Si than nonflooded treatments and the latter showed higher accumulation of K, Mn and Zn.The growth and development of rice, cv. ‘Calrose,’ was closely observed from seedling stage to maturity in a controlled greenhouse environment. At harvest the yield components, total yield of grain and straw, root production and distribution, and total uptake of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, Fe, and S| were determined. Rice plants grown under flooded conditions were superior to nonflooded plants except for the first 40 days after planting. Soil aggregation had little effect on the growth and development of flooded rice, but nonflooded rice was benefited by the puddled soil. Flooded roots developed predominately near the soil surface while nonflooded roots permeated the soil profile more uniformly to depths of 30 cm. Puddled, nonflooded soil greatly reduced root development because of apparent high soil bulk density. Flooded plants were superior in grain yield, straw yield, total dry matter production, panicles per plant, grains per panicle, and percent of filled florets. Except for lower total dry matter production on the 5 to 15‐ramdiameter flooded soil aggregates, there were no significant effects of aggregation on yield or yield components. Nonflooded plants were superior on the puddled soil treatment. Flooded plants absorbed more P, Fe, and Si than nonflooded treatments and the latter showed higher accumulation of K, Mn and Zn.The growth and development of rice, cv. ‘Calrose,’ was closely observed from seedling stage to maturity in a controlled greenhouse environment. At harvest the yield components, total yield of grain and straw, root production and distribution, and total uptake of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, Fe, and S| were determined. Rice plants grown under flooded conditions were superior to nonflooded plants except for the first 40 days after planting. Soil aggregation had little effect on the growth and development of flooded rice, but nonflooded rice was benefited by the puddled soil. Flooded roots developed predominately near the soil surface while nonflooded roots permeated the soil profile more uniformly to depths of 30 cm. Puddled, nonflooded soil greatly reduced root development because of apparent high soil bulk density. Flooded plants were superior in grain yield, straw yield, total dry matter production, panicles per plant, grains per panicle, and percent of filled florets. Except for lower total dry matter production on the 5 to 15‐ramdiameter flooded soil aggregates, there were no significant effects of aggregation on yield or yield components. Nonflooded plants were superior on the puddled soil treatment. Flooded plants absorbed more P, Fe, and Si than nonflooded treatments and the latter showed higher accumulation of K, Mn and Zn.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Flooded rice outperformed nonflooded rice after the first 40 days.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- flooded conditionse0
- Outcome
- superiore0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Qualifier
- except for the first 40 days after plantinge0
- Comparator
- nonflooded plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“Fe, and Si were determined. Rice plants grown under flooded conditions were superior to nonflooded plants except for the first 40 days after planting.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil aggregation had little effect on growth and development of flooded rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Soil aggregatione0
- Outcome
- growth and developmente0
- Direction
- little effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“Fe, and Si were determined. Rice plants grown under flooded conditions were superior to nonflooded plants except for the first 40 days after planting. Soil aggregation had little effect on the growth and development of flooded rice, but nonflooded rice was benefited by the puddled soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Puddled soil benefited nonflooded rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- puddled soile0
- Outcome
- benefitede0
- Direction
- benefitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“Fe, and Si were determined. Rice plants grown under flooded conditions were superior to nonflooded plants except for the first 40 days after planting. Soil aggregation had little effect on the growth and development of flooded rice, but nonflooded rice was benefited by the puddled soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Flooded roots developed mostly near the soil surface.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- roots developed predominately near the soil surfacee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“Fe, and Si were determined. Rice plants grown under flooded conditions were superior to nonflooded plants except for the first 40 days after planting. Soil aggregation had little effect on the growth and development of flooded rice, but nonflooded rice was benefited by the puddled soil. Flooded roots developed predominately near the soil surface while nonflooded roots permeated the soil profile more uniformly to depths of 30 cm.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nonflooded roots extended more uniformly to 30 cm.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- roots permeated the soil profilee0
- Direction
- more uniformlye0
- Value
- 30 cme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“Fe, and Si were determined. Rice plants grown under flooded conditions were superior to nonflooded plants except for the first 40 days after planting. Soil aggregation had little effect on the growth and development of flooded rice, but nonflooded rice was benefited by the puddled soil. Flooded roots developed predominately near the soil surface while nonflooded roots permeated the soil profile more uniformly to depths of 30 cm.”
Claim · model-written summary
Puddled nonflooded soil greatly reduced root development, apparently from high bulk density.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Puddled, nonflooded soile0
- Outcome
- root developmente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- apparent high soil bulk densitye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“Fe, and Si were determined. Rice plants grown under flooded conditions were superior to nonflooded plants except for the first 40 days after planting. Soil aggregation had little effect on the growth and development of flooded rice, but nonflooded rice was benefited by the puddled soil. Flooded roots developed predominately near the soil surface while nonflooded roots permeated the soil profile more uniformly to depths of 30 cm. Puddled, nonflooded soil greatly reduced root development because of apparent high soil bulk density.”
Claim · model-written summary
Flooding improved grain yield, straw yield and total dry matter production.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Floodede0
- Outcome
- grain yield, straw yield, total dry matter productione0
- Direction
- superiore0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“Fe, and Si were determined. Rice plants grown under flooded conditions were superior to nonflooded plants except for the first 40 days after planting. Soil aggregation had little effect on the growth and development of flooded rice, but nonflooded rice was benefited by the puddled soil. Flooded roots developed predominately near the soil surface while nonflooded roots permeated the soil profile more uniformly to depths of 30 cm. Puddled, nonflooded soil greatly reduced root development because of apparent high soil bulk density. Flooded plants were superior in grain yield, straw yield, total dry matter production, panicles per plant, grains per panicle, and percent of filled florets.”
Claim · model-written summary
Flooding improved panicles per plant, grains per panicle and filled florets.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Floodede0
- Outcome
- panicles per plant, grains per panicle, and percent of filled floretse0
- Direction
- superiore0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“Fe, and Si were determined. Rice plants grown under flooded conditions were superior to nonflooded plants except for the first 40 days after planting. Soil aggregation had little effect on the growth and development of flooded rice, but nonflooded rice was benefited by the puddled soil. Flooded roots developed predominately near the soil surface while nonflooded roots permeated the soil profile more uniformly to depths of 30 cm. Puddled, nonflooded soil greatly reduced root development because of apparent high soil bulk density. Flooded plants were superior in grain yield, straw yield, total dry matter production, panicles per plant, grains per panicle, and percent of filled florets.”
Claim · model-written summary
Flooded 5 to 15 mm aggregates reduced total dry matter production.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 5 to 15‐mmdiameter flooded soil soil aggregatese0
- Outcome
- total dry matter productione0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“lower total dry matter production on the 5 to 15‐mmdiameter flooded soil soil aggregates”
Claim · model-written summary
Other aggregation effects on yield and its components were not significant.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- aggregatione0
- Outcome
- yield or yield componentse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“Except for lower total dry matter production on the 5 to 15‐mmdiameter flooded soil soil aggregates, there were no significant effects of aggregation on yield or yield components. Nonflooded plants were superior on the puddled soil treatment. Flooded plants absorbed more P, Fe, and Si than nonflooded treatments and the latter showed higher accumulation of K, Mn and Zn.”
Claim · model-written summary
Flooded rice absorbed more P, Fe and Si than nonflooded rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Floodede0
- Outcome
- P, Fe, and Sie0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- nonflooded treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“Except for lower total dry matter production on the 5 to 15‐mmdiameter flooded soil soil aggregates, there were no significant effects of aggregation on yield or yield components. Nonflooded plants were superior on the puddled soil treatment. Flooded plants absorbed more P, Fe, and Si than nonflooded treatments and the latter showed higher accumulation of K, Mn and Zn.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nonflooded rice accumulated more K, Mn and Zn.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- the lattere0
- Outcome
- accumulation of K, Mn and Zne0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“Except for lower total dry matter production on the 5 to 15‐mmdiameter flooded soil soil aggregates, there were no significant effects of aggregation on yield or yield components. Nonflooded plants were superior on the puddled soil treatment. Flooded plants absorbed more P, Fe, and Si than nonflooded treatments and the latter showed higher accumulation of K, Mn and Zn.”
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See all 286 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.