Abstract
Soil water balance and plant data from a time of sowing trial, and estimates of transpiration efficiency, were used to assess the importance of soil cover, provided by developing canopies, on the water use and its partitioning between soil evaporation and transpiration. As reported in an earlier paper, time of sowing strongly affected the timing and rate of canopy development, and had little effect within years on total water use, which was 221 mm in 1982 and 185 mm in 1983. Time of sowing also modified the pattern of water use, and this was reflected in substantial effects on the partitioning of water use, between soil evaporation and transpiration, and in turn on yield and water use efficiency. Estimated water use by soil evaporation ranged from 100 to 125 mm in 1982 and from 75 to 115 mm in 1983. The majority of this, an average of 80 mm, in 1982 and 75 mm, in 1983, occurred during the winter months, June to August, and varied mildly with soil cover. Soil cover had its greatest effect on water use through transpiration during spring, when temperatures were rising rapidly. Transpiration varied between sowing dates by 20 mm in 1982, and by 40 mm in 1983. Measures to improve water use efficiency should aim to reduce soil evaporation during winter both directly, by increasing soil cover, for example, by mulches or earlier-developing canopies, and indirectly by increasing infiltration. In spring, measures to improve water use efficiency should aim at reducing transpiration by minimising canopy development to what is required by the crop to maximise harvest index.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Sowing time strongly affected canopy development timing and rate.
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinumt0 - Treatment
- time of sowinge0
- Outcome
- timing and rate of canopy developmente0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“time of sowing strongly affected the timing and rate of canopy development”
t0“chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sowing time had little effect within years on total water use, which was 221 mm in 1982 and 185 mm in 1983.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- time of sowinge1
- Outcome
- total water usee0
- Direction
- little effecte0
- Value
- 221 mme0
- Qualifier
- 1982e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“had little effect within years on total water use, which was 221 mm in 1982 and 185 mm in 1983”
e1“time of sowing strongly affected”
t0“chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Total water use in 1983 was 185 mm.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- total water usee1
- Value
- 185 mme0
- Qualifier
- 1983e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“185 mm in 1983”
t0“chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
e1“total water use, which was 221 mm in 1982 and 185 mm in 1983”
Claim · model-written summary
Sowing time modified water-use partitioning between soil evaporation and transpiration.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Time of sowinge0
- Outcome
- partitioning of water use, between soil evaporation and transpiratione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Time of sowing also modified the pattern of water use, and this was reflected in substantial effects on the partitioning of water use, between soil evaporation and transpiration”
t0“chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sowing time affected yield and water-use efficiency.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Time of sowinge1
- Outcome
- yield and water use efficiencye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and in turn on yield and water use efficiency”
e1“Time of sowing also modified the pattern of water use”
t0“chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Estimated soil evaporation ranged from 100 to 125 mm in 1982.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- water use by soil evaporatione0
- Value
- 100 to 125 mme0
- Qualifier
- 1982e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Estimated water use by soil evaporation ranged from 100 to 125 mm in 1982”
t0“chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Estimated soil evaporation ranged from 75 to 115 mm in 1983.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- water use by soil evaporatione1
- Value
- 75 to 115 mme0
- Qualifier
- 1983e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“from 75 to 115 mm in 1983”
e1“Estimated water use by soil evaporation ranged from 100 to 125 mm in 1982 and from 75 to 115 mm in 1983”
t0“chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Average winter soil evaporation was 80 mm in 1982.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- soil evaporatione2
- Value
- 80 mme0
- Qualifier
- 1982e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an average of 80 mm, in 1982”
e1“The majority of this, an average of 80 mm, in 1982 and 75 mm, in 1983, occurred during the winter months”
e2“Estimated water use by soil evaporation”
t0“chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Average winter soil evaporation was 75 mm in 1983.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- soil evaporatione2
- Value
- 75 mme0
- Qualifier
- 1983e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“75 mm, in 1983”
e1“The majority of this, an average of 80 mm, in 1982 and 75 mm, in 1983, occurred during the winter months”
e2“Estimated water use by soil evaporation”
t0“chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter soil evaporation varied mildly with soil cover.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- soil covere0
- Outcome
- soil evaporatione2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“varied mildly with soil cover”
e1“occurred during the winter months, June to August, and varied mildly with soil cover”
e2“Estimated water use by soil evaporation”
t0“chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil cover affected spring transpiration.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Soil covere0
- Outcome
- water use through transpiratione0
- Qualifier
- during springe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil cover had its greatest effect on water use through transpiration during spring”
t0“chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Transpiration varied by 20 mm between sowing dates in 1982.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- sowing datese0
- Outcome
- Transpiratione0
- Value
- 20 mme0
- Qualifier
- 1982e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transpiration varied between sowing dates by 20 mm in 1982”
t0“chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Transpiration varied by 40 mm between sowing dates in 1983.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- sowing datese0
- Outcome
- Transpiratione0
- Value
- 40 mme0
- Qualifier
- 1983e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transpiration varied between sowing dates by 20 mm in 1982, and by 40 mm in 1983”
t0“chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend reducing winter soil evaporation by increasing cover or infiltration.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- reduce soil evaporation during wintere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Measures to improve water use efficiency should aim to reduce soil evaporation during winter both directly, by increasing soil cover, for example, by mulches or earlier-developing canopies, and indirectly by increasing infiltration”
t0“chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend limiting spring canopy development to that needed for maximum harvest index.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- minimising canopy development to what is required by the crop to maximise harvest indexe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In spring, measures to improve water use efficiency should aim at reducing transpiration by minimising canopy development to what is required by the crop to maximise harvest index”
t0“chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
The same questions in other papers
sowing time · growth · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Positive and negative results
17 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- negative
17 papers more in this group
See all 21 papers →sowing time · physiology: water · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.