Abstract
To control blue mold of apples caused by Penicillium expansum after harvest and during commercial cold storage, microwave exposure was investigated as a physical measure and compared with the use of calcium chloride and the systemic fungicide, carbendazime. Microwave exposure of Golden Delicious and Royal Gala apples at 2450 Mhz for 10, 30 and 45s was effective as 4% CaCl 2 and carbendazime on significantly reducing the disease incidence %. Calcium chloride was more effective at 8% than 4% or at 1% and was as effective as carbendazime in reducing the mold severity and incidence. Microwave exposure for 10, 30 and 45s was as effective as 8% CaCl 2 and carbendazime on controlling blue mold caused by P. expansum stored under the conditions of commercial cold storage. Different apple cultivars have different degrees of susceptibility to the blue mold. Granny Smith and Red Delicious were relatively more tolerant than Golden Delicious, Starking or Royal Gala. However, sight variations were found in their responses to different treatments. Therefore, 10-45s microwave exposure of apple fruits before cold storage alone or in a combination with other methods can be an environmental safe physical alternative to chemical fungicides for controlling P. expansum infections during cold storage.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Microwave exposure for 10, 30 or 45 seconds significantly reduced apple blue mold incidence, comparably to 4% calcium chloride and carbendazime.
- Taxon
- apples
Malus domesticae0 - Material
- Golden Delicious and Royal Galae0
- Treatment
- Microwave exposuree0
- Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Comparator
- 4% CaCl 2 and carbendazimee0
Not reportedInteractor
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Microwave exposure of Golden Delicious and Royal Gala apples at 2450 Mhz for 10, 30 and 45s was effective as 4% CaCl 2 and carbendazime on significantly reducing the disease incidence %.”
Claim · model-written summary
Eight percent calcium chloride reduced blue mold severity more than 4% or 1% and comparably to carbendazime.
- Treatment
- Calcium chloridee0
- Outcome
- mold severitye0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 8%e0
- Comparator
- 4% or at 1%e0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Calcium chloride was more effective at 8% than 4% or at 1% and was as effective as carbendazime in reducing the mold severity and incidence.”
t0“APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
Eight percent calcium chloride reduced blue mold incidence more than 4% or 1% and comparably to carbendazime.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Calcium chloride was more effective at 8% than 4% or at 1% and was as effective as carbendazime in reducing the mold severity and incidence.”
t0“APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
Microwave exposures of 10, 30 and 45 seconds controlled P. expansum blue mold as effectively as 8% calcium chloride and carbendazime during commercial cold storage.
- Treatment
- Microwave exposure for 10, 30 and 45se0
- Interactor
- P. expansum
Penicillium expansume0pathogen - Outcome
- blue mold caused by P. expansume0
- Direction
- as effectivee0
- Comparator
- 8% CaCl 2 and carbendazimee0
- Setting
- commercial cold storagee0
Not reportedTaxon
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Microwave exposure for 10, 30 and 45s was as effective as 8% CaCl 2 and carbendazime on controlling blue mold caused by P. expansum stored under the conditions of commercial cold storage.”
t0“APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
Granny Smith and Red Delicious apples were relatively more tolerant of blue mold than Golden Delicious, Starking or Royal Gala.
- Material
- Granny Smith and Red Deliciouse0
- Outcome
- more tolerante0
- Direction
- more tolerante0
- Comparator
- Golden Delicious, Starking or Royal Galae0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Granny Smith and Red Delicious were relatively more tolerant than Golden Delicious, Starking or Royal Gala.”
t0“APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple cultivars varied slightly in their responses to the treatments.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“However, sight variations were found in their responses to different treatments.”
t0“APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 10–45 second microwave exposure of apples before cold storage as an environmentally safe alternative to chemical fungicides.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Interactor
- P. expansumPenicillium expansume0pathogen
- Outcome
- 10-45s microwave exposure of apple fruits before cold storagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Therefore, 10-45s microwave exposure of apple fruits before cold storage alone or in a combination with other methods can be an environmental safe physical alternative to chemical fungicides for controlling P. expansum infections during cold storage.”
The same questions in other papers
calcium chloride dihydrate · disease · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
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- positive
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See all 32 papers →processing · disease · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
11 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
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See all 14 papers →processing · Penicillium expansum · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.