Abstract
Fruit ethylene was manipulated by harvest maturity, 2-dichloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon), aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), and storage conditions. Advanced maturity or ethephon reduced scald on 'Delicious'. AVG-treated fruit scalded like controls in a commercial room (high ethylene), but developed no scald in a low-ethylene room. Free phenolics were present in wax scraped from apples, and in enzyme-isolated fruit cuticle. Free phenolics were 8 to 45 $\\rm\\mu g{\\cdot}g\\sp{-1}$ cuticle. Advanced maturity and ethephon increased, and AVG decreased, cuticular phenolics. They increased during early storage, then remained unchanged. Bound phenolics were 50 to 110 $\\rm\\mu g\\cdot g\\sp{-1}$ cuticle, and were unaffected by fruit maturity, AVG or ethephon, remaining constant during storage. In a linoleic acid system, antioxidant activity of standard flavonoids was higher than that of phenolic acid standards. Antioxidant activity of free cuticular phenolics was equivalent to that of flavonoid standards, and activity of bound phenolics approximated phenolic acid standards. Both were lower than diphenylamine and higher than $\\alpha$-tocopherol. In hexane, cuticular phenolics inhibited $\\alpha$-farnesene oxidation more than diphenylamine. Free cuticular phenolics correlated negatively with conjugated trienes (CT281) and scald. At harvest epidermal and hypodermal cells contained 50-fold higher phenolics than did cuticle, correlating positively with scald. Advanced maturity or ethephon reduced cellular phenolics and scald. AVG increased them, but fruit did not scald in a low-ethylene room. In a linoleic acid system, cuticular lipid-soluble antioxidant activity was 10-15% of total activity. Cuticular lipid-soluble antioxidants did not reduce $\\alpha$-farnesene oxidation in hexane. Bagging fruit mid-July until harvest reduced cuticle thickness and phenolic contents, but did not affect ethylene, $\\alpha$-farnesene or cellular phenolics. Bagging increased CT281 and scald. Waxing at harvest did not inhibit $\\alpha$-farnesene oxidation or reduce scald. Conclusions. Cuticlar free phenolics are relatively stable, protecting $\\alpha$-farnesene from oxidation and reducing scald susceptibility. Minimally, four factors are involved in scald development: cuticular $\\alpha$-farnesene, phenolics in vacuole, cuticular phenolics, and antioxidants in living cells. The former two are enhancing; the latter two, protective. With low ethylene, fruit synthesize little $\\alpha$-farnesene and develop no scald. Ethylene increases $\\alpha$-farnesene, stimulates cuticular phenolic accumulation and lipid-soluble antioxidant activity, and reduces free phenolics in vacuoles. The balance determines scalding.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Advanced maturity reduced scald in Delicious apples.
- Taxon
- apples
Malus domesticat0 - Material
- 'Delicious'e0
- Treatment
- Advanced maturitye0
- Outcome
- scalde0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Advanced maturity or ethephon reduced scald on 'Delicious'.”
t0“of apples (Malus domestica Borkh)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon reduced scald in Delicious apples.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Material
- 'Delicious'e0
- Treatment
- ethephone0
- Outcome
- scalde0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Advanced maturity or ethephon reduced scald on 'Delicious'.”
t0“of apples (Malus domestica Borkh)”
Claim · model-written summary
AVG-treated apples scalded like controls in a high-ethylene commercial room.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- AVG-treatede0
- Outcome
- scaldede0
- Direction
- like controlse0
- Comparator
- controlse0
- Setting
- commercial room (high ethylene)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AVG-treated fruit scalded like controls in a commercial room (high ethylene), but developed no scald in a low-ethylene room.”
t0“of apples (Malus domestica Borkh)”
Claim · model-written summary
AVG-treated apples developed no scald in a low-ethylene room.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- AVG-treatede0
- Outcome
- no scalde0
- Setting
- low-ethylene roome0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AVG-treated fruit scalded like controls in a commercial room (high ethylene), but developed no scald in a low-ethylene room.”
t0“of apples (Malus domestica Borkh)”
Claim · model-written summary
Free phenolics were found in apple wax and isolated fruit cuticle.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- fruit cuticlee0
- Outcome
- Free phenolicse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Free phenolics were present in wax scraped from apples, and in enzyme-isolated fruit cuticle.”
Claim · model-written summary
Free cuticular phenolics measured 8 to 45 units per gram of cuticle.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- Free phenolicse0
- Value
- 8 to 45 $\\rm\\mu g{\\cdot}g\\sp{-1}$e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Free phenolics were 8 to 45 $\\rm\\mu g{\\cdot}g\\sp{-1}$ cuticle.”
t0“of apples (Malus domestica Borkh)”
Claim · model-written summary
Advanced maturity and ethephon increased cuticular phenolics.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Advanced maturity and ethephone0
- Outcome
- cuticular phenolicse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Advanced maturity and ethephon increased, and AVG decreased, cuticular phenolics.”
t0“of apples (Malus domestica Borkh)”
Claim · model-written summary
AVG decreased cuticular phenolics.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- AVGe0
- Outcome
- cuticular phenolicse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Advanced maturity and ethephon increased, and AVG decreased, cuticular phenolics.”
t0“of apples (Malus domestica Borkh)”
Claim · model-written summary
Free cuticular phenolics increased in early storage and then stayed constant.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- Theye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- during early storagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“They increased during early storage, then remained unchanged.”
t0“of apples (Malus domestica Borkh)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bound phenolics measured 50 to 110 units per gram of cuticle.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- Bound phenolicse0
- Value
- 50 to 110 $\\rm\\mu g\\cdot g\\sp{-1}$e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bound phenolics were 50 to 110 $\\rm\\mu g\\cdot g\\sp{-1}$ cuticle, and were unaffected by fruit maturity, AVG or ethephon, remaining constant during storage.”
t0“of apples (Malus domestica Borkh)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bound phenolics were unaffected by maturity, AVG, ethephon, or storage.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- AVGe0
- Outcome
- Bound phenolicse0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bound phenolics were 50 to 110 $\\rm\\mu g\\cdot g\\sp{-1}$ cuticle, and were unaffected by fruit maturity, AVG or ethephon, remaining constant during storage.”
t0“of apples (Malus domestica Borkh)”
Claim · model-written summary
Flavonoid standards had higher antioxidant activity than phenolic acid standards.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“In a linoleic acid system, antioxidant activity of standard flavonoids was higher than that of phenolic acid standards.”
Claim · model-written summary
Free cuticular phenolics had antioxidant activity equivalent to flavonoid standards.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- Antioxidant activity of free cuticular phenolicse0
- Direction
- equivalente0
- Comparator
- flavonoid standardse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Antioxidant activity of free cuticular phenolics was equivalent to that of flavonoid standards, and activity of bound phenolics approximated phenolic acid standards.”
t0“of apples (Malus domestica Borkh)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bound cuticular phenolics had antioxidant activity approximating phenolic acid standards.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- activity of bound phenolicse0
- Direction
- approximatede0
- Comparator
- phenolic acid standardse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Antioxidant activity of free cuticular phenolics was equivalent to that of flavonoid standards, and activity of bound phenolics approximated phenolic acid standards.”
t0“of apples (Malus domestica Borkh)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cuticular phenolics inhibited alpha-farnesene oxidation more than diphenylamine in hexane.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- $\\alpha$-farnesene oxidatione0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- diphenylaminee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In hexane, cuticular phenolics inhibited $\\alpha$-farnesene oxidation more than diphenylamine.”
t0“of apples (Malus domestica Borkh)”
Claim · model-written summary
Free cuticular phenolics correlated negatively with conjugated trienes and scald.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Compound
- Free cuticular phenolicse0
- Outcome
- conjugated trienes (CT281) and scalde0
- Direction
- negativelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Free cuticular phenolics correlated negatively with conjugated trienes (CT281) and scald.”
t0“of apples (Malus domestica Borkh)”
Claim · model-written summary
Epidermal and hypodermal cells at harvest contained 50-fold more phenolics than cuticle.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- epidermal and hypodermal cellse0
- Outcome
- phenolicse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 50-folde0
- Comparator
- cuticlee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At harvest epidermal and hypodermal cells contained 50-fold higher phenolics than did cuticle, correlating positively with scald.”
t0“of apples (Malus domestica Borkh)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cellular phenolics correlated positively with scald.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- epidermal and hypodermal cellse0
- Compound
- phenolicse0
- Outcome
- scalde0
- Direction
- positivelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At harvest epidermal and hypodermal cells contained 50-fold higher phenolics than did cuticle, correlating positively with scald.”
t0“of apples (Malus domestica Borkh)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bagging fruit reduced cuticle thickness and phenolic contents.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Bagging fruit mid-July until harveste0
- Outcome
- cuticle thickness and phenolic contentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bagging fruit mid-July until harvest reduced cuticle thickness and phenolic contents, but did not affect ethylene, $\\alpha$-farnesene or cellular phenolics.”
t0“of apples (Malus domestica Borkh)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bagging increased conjugated trienes and scald.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Bagginge0
- Outcome
- CT281 and scalde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bagging increased CT281 and scald.”
t0“of apples (Malus domestica Borkh)”
The same questions in other papers
(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid · quality: phytochemicals · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
7 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →stage · quality: phytochemicals · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.