Abstract
The project ‘Promotion of Biological Methods in Apple Growing’ which started in Switzerland in 1985 concentrates on the control of Venturia inaequalis (scab) and Podosphaera leucotricha (powdery mildew). The project considers the selection of suitable cultivars resistant or only slightly susceptible to fungal diseases and the assessment of tolerable economic loss. It also includes curative treatments with sterol‐synthesis‐inhibiting fungicides, according to scab infection periods, as well as applications of plant extracts (proposed by the Institute of Biological Husbandry) and suspensions of antagonists or their culture filtrates as plant‐protecting agents. Screening experiments on apple seedlings showed that root extracts of Rumex obtusifolium significantly reduced powdery mildew infections under greenhouse conditions. In field experiments treatments with R. obtusifolium extracts at intervals of 7–10 days were less effective. Saponin‐containing extracts of different plants gave satisfying control of scab on seedlings in the growth chamber but were not very effective in the field. Applications of spore suspensions and culture filtrates of the phyllosphere fungi Chaetomium spp. reduced scab and mildew infections on apple seedlings to some extent. It was found that in the last 2 years even primary infections of P. leucotricha were severely parasitized by Ampelomyces quisqualis . Preliminary studies showed that the lack of efficacy of this biocontrol system is due to the delayed spread of the hyperparasite.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Rumex obtusifolium root extracts significantly reduced powdery mildew infection on apple seedlings in greenhouse screening.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Organ / stage
- seedlingse0
- Treatment
- root extracts of Rumex obtusifoliume0
- Interactor
- Rumex obtusifoliume0other
- Outcome
- powdery mildew infectionse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple orchards”
e0“Screening experiments on apple seedlings showed that root extracts of Rumex obtusifolium significantly reduced powdery mildew infections under greenhouse conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Rumex obtusifolium extract treatments every 7–10 days were less effective in field apple trials.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- R. obtusifolium extracts at intervals of 7–10 dayse0
- Outcome
- less effectivee0
- Direction
- less effectivee0
- Setting
- field experimentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple orchards”
e0“In field experiments treatments with R. obtusifolium extracts at intervals of 7–10 days were less effective”
Claim · model-written summary
Saponin-containing plant extracts gave satisfactory scab control on apple seedlings in a growth chamber.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse0
- Treatment
- Saponin‐containing extracts of different plantse0
- Outcome
- control of scabe0
- Direction
- satisfyinge0
- Setting
- growth chambere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple orchards”
e0“Saponin‐containing extracts of different plants gave satisfying control of scab on seedlings in the growth chamber”
Claim · model-written summary
Saponin-containing plant extracts were not very effective against apple scab in the field.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Saponin‐containing extracts of different plantse0
- Outcome
- control of scabe0
- Direction
- not very effectivee0
- Setting
- fielde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple orchards”
e0“Saponin‐containing extracts of different plants gave satisfying control of scab on seedlings in the growth chamber but were not very effective in the field”
Claim · model-written summary
Chaetomium spore suspensions and culture filtrates reduced scab infection on apple seedlings to some extent.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse0
- Treatment
- spore suspensions and culture filtrates of the phyllosphere fungi Chaetomium spp.e0
- Interactor
- Chaetomium spp.
Chaetomiume0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- scab and mildew infectionse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple orchards”
e0“Applications of spore suspensions and culture filtrates of the phyllosphere fungi Chaetomium spp. reduced scab and mildew infections on apple seedlings to some extent”
Claim · model-written summary
Ampelomyces quisqualis severely parasitized primary Podosphaera leucotricha infections in the last two years.
- Taxon
- P. leucotricha
Podosphaera leucotrichae0 - Interactor
- Ampelomyces quisqualis
.jpg?width=60)
Ampelomyces quisqualise0parasite - Outcome
- primary infections of P. leucotricha were severely parasitizede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“apple orchards”
e0“in the last 2 years even primary infections of P. leucotricha were severely parasitized by Ampelomyces quisqualis”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute poor efficacy of the hyperparasite control system to its delayed spread.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- lack of efficacy of this biocontrol systeme0
- Qualifier
- delayed spread of the hyperparasitee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple orchards”
e0“the lack of efficacy of this biocontrol system is due to the delayed spread of the hyperparasite”
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See all 39 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.