Abstract
Nodulation and N 2 fixation have not been reported in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) below a temperature of 13 °C but, in southern Alberta, temperatures at planting may be as low as 10 °C. Two varieties of pea beans, 'Aurora' and 'Kentwood,' were inoculated at three growth stages (seeding, primary leaf horizontal, or first trifoliate leaf open) and grown at 10, 12, 14, or 16 °C. Nodulation and acetylene (C 2 H 2 ) reduction occurred in both varieties at temperatures as low as 10 °C. At the lower temperatures, cold adaptability of the plant for early root growth determined the ability for nodulation and N 2 fixation. At higher temperatures, plant-growth stage was a determining factor. 'Aurora' was superior to 'Kentwood' at 10 °C in nodulation, dry matter (DM), N yield, and N 2 fixation because of its tolerance to low temperatures during early root growth. Inoculation with Rhizobium phaseoli at more advanced plant-growth stages decreased the time for nodulation at all four temperatures but resulted in higher yield and more N 2 fixation in 'Aurora' only at 14 and 16 °C. At 10 °C, inoculation at seeding was more effective than at the other two growth stages for both varieties. Thus plant growth stages and growth temperature both determined the ability of a bean variety to support N 2 fixation at various low temperatures.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Nodulation and acetylene reduction occurred in pea beans at temperatures as low as 10 °C.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris
Phaseolus vulgarise0 - Outcome
- Nodulation and acetylene (C 2 H 2 ) reductione1
- Qualifier
- at temperatures as low as 10 °Ce1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) below a temperature of 13 °C”
e1“Nodulation and acetylene (C 2 H 2 ) reduction occurred in both varieties at temperatures as low as 10 °C”
Claim · model-written summary
'Aurora' was superior to 'Kentwood' at 10 °C in nodulation, dry matter (DM) and N yield.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise0
- Material
- Aurorae2
- Treatment
- 10 °Ce2
- Outcome
- nodulation, dry matter (DM), N yielde2
- Direction
- superiore2
- Comparator
- Kentwoode2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) below a temperature of 13 °C”
e2“'Aurora' was superior to 'Kentwood' at 10 °C in nodulation, dry matter (DM), N yield, and N 2 fixation because of its tolerance to low temperatures during early root growth”
Claim · model-written summary
'Aurora' was superior to 'Kentwood' at 10 °C in N 2 fixation because of its tolerance to low temperatures during early root growth.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise0
- Material
- Aurorae2
- Treatment
- 10 °Ce2
- Outcome
- N 2 fixatione2
- Direction
- superiore2
- Qualifier
- because of its tolerance to low temperatures during early root growthe2
- Comparator
- Kentwoode2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) below a temperature of 13 °C”
e2“'Aurora' was superior to 'Kentwood' at 10 °C in nodulation, dry matter (DM), N yield, and N 2 fixation because of its tolerance to low temperatures during early root growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold adaptability of the plant for early root growth determined the ability for nodulation and N2 fixation at lower temperatures.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise0
- Outcome
- the ability for nodulation and N 2 fixatione5
- Qualifier
- cold adaptability of the plant for early root growthe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) below a temperature of 13 °C”
e5“At the lower temperatures, cold adaptability of the plant for early root growth determined the ability for nodulation and N 2 fixation”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with Rhizobium phaseoli at more advanced plant-growth stages decreased the time for nodulation at all four temperatures.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise0
- Treatment
- Inoculation with Rhizobium phaseoli at more advanced plant-growth stagese3
- Interactor
- Rhizobium phaseoliRhizobium phaseolie3symbiont
- Outcome
- time for nodulatione3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Qualifier
- at all four temperaturese3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) below a temperature of 13 °C”
e3“Inoculation with Rhizobium phaseoli at more advanced plant-growth stages decreased the time for nodulation at all four temperatures but resulted in higher yield and more N 2 fixation in 'Aurora' only at 14 and 16 °C”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with Rhizobium phaseoli at more advanced plant-growth stages resulted in higher yield in 'Aurora' only at 14 and 16 °C.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise0
- Material
- Aurorae3
- Treatment
- Inoculation with Rhizobium phaseoli at more advanced plant-growth stagese3
- Interactor
- Rhizobium phaseoliRhizobium phaseolie3symbiont
- Outcome
- yielde3
- Direction
- highere3
- Qualifier
- only at 14 and 16 °Ce3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) below a temperature of 13 °C”
e3“Inoculation with Rhizobium phaseoli at more advanced plant-growth stages decreased the time for nodulation at all four temperatures but resulted in higher yield and more N 2 fixation in 'Aurora' only at 14 and 16 °C”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with Rhizobium phaseoli at more advanced plant-growth stages gave more N 2 fixation in 'Aurora' only at 14 and 16 °C.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise0
- Material
- Aurorae3
- Treatment
- Inoculation with Rhizobium phaseoli at more advanced plant-growth stagese3
- Interactor
- Rhizobium phaseoliRhizobium phaseolie3symbiont
- Outcome
- N 2 fixatione3
- Direction
- moree3
- Qualifier
- only at 14 and 16 °Ce3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) below a temperature of 13 °C”
e3“Inoculation with Rhizobium phaseoli at more advanced plant-growth stages decreased the time for nodulation at all four temperatures but resulted in higher yield and more N 2 fixation in 'Aurora' only at 14 and 16 °C”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10 °C, inoculation at seeding was more effective than inoculation at the other two growth stages for both varieties.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise0
- Treatment
- inoculation at seedinge4
- Outcome
- more effectivee4
- Direction
- more effectivee4
- Qualifier
- At 10 °Ce4
- Comparator
- the other two growth stagese4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) below a temperature of 13 °C”
e4“At 10 °C, inoculation at seeding was more effective than at the other two growth stages for both varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
At higher temperatures, plant-growth stage was a determining factor for nodulation and N2 fixation.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise0
- Outcome
- determining factore6
- Qualifier
- plant-growth stagee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) below a temperature of 13 °C”
e6“At higher temperatures, plant-growth stage was a determining factor”
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