Abstract
Vernalization and photoperiod (PP) responses are developmental mechanisms that allow plants to synchronize their growth and reproductive cycles with the seasonal weather changes. Vernalization requirement has been shown to influence the length of time that low-temperature (LT)-induced genes are up-regulated when cereal species are exposed to acclimating temperatures. The objective of the present study was to determine whether expression of LT-induced Wcs and Wcor gene families is also developmentally regulated by PP response. The LT-tolerant, highly short-day (SD)-sensitive barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv Dicktoo) was subjected to 8-h SD and 20-h long-day PPs at cold-acclimating temperatures over a period of 70 d. A delay in transition from the vegetative to the reproductive stage under SD resulted in an increased level and longer retention of LT tolerance. Similar WCS and WCOR protein homologs were expressed, but levels of expression were much higher in plants acclimated under SD, indicating that the poor LT tolerance of long-day plants was the result of an inability to maintain LT-induced genes in an up-regulated state. These observations indicate that the PP and vernalization genes influence the expression of LT-induced genes in cereals through separate pathways that eventually converge to activate genes controlling plant development. In both instances, the delay in the transition from the vegetative to the reproductive stage produces increased LT tolerance that is sustained for a longer period of time, indicating that the developmental genes determine the duration of expression of LT-induced structural genes.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Short days delayed the vegetative to reproductive transition.
- Taxon
- Barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaret0 - Treatment
- SDe0
- Outcome
- transition from the vegetative to the reproductive stagee0
- Direction
- delaye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“A delay in transition from the vegetative to the reproductive stage under SD”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Short days increased the level of low-temperature tolerance.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- SDe0
- Outcome
- LT tolerancee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under SD resulted in an increased level and longer retention of LT tolerance.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Short days lengthened retention of low-temperature tolerance.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- SDe0
- Outcome
- retention of LT tolerancee0
- Direction
- longere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under SD resulted in an increased level and longer retention of LT tolerance.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Similar WCS and WCOR protein homologs were expressed under the photoperiods.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Gene
- WCS and WCOR protein homologse0
- Outcome
- WCS and WCOR protein homologs were expressede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similar WCS and WCOR protein homologs were expressed”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
WCS and WCOR protein expression levels were much higher after short-day acclimation.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- SDe0
- Gene
- WCS and WCOR protein homologse1
- Outcome
- levels of expressione0
- Direction
- much highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“levels of expression were much higher in plants acclimated under SD”
e1“Similar WCS and WCOR protein homologs were expressed”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors infer that long-day plants had poor cold tolerance because they could not maintain cold-induced gene upregulation.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Gene
- LT-induced genese0
- Outcome
- poor LT tolerancee0
- Qualifier
- inability to maintain LT-induced genes in an up-regulated statee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the poor LT tolerance of long-day plants was the result of an inability to maintain LT-induced genes in an up-regulated state”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors infer that photoperiod and vernalization genes act through separate pathways converging on developmental gene activation.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Gene
- PP and vernalization genese0
- Outcome
- expression of LT-induced genese0
- Qualifier
- separate pathways that eventually converge to activate genes controlling plant developmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PP and vernalization genes influence the expression of LT-induced genes in cereals through separate pathways that eventually converge to activate genes controlling plant development”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors infer that delayed reproductive transition extends expression of cold-induced structural genes.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Gene
- LT-induced structural genese0
- Outcome
- duration of expression of LT-induced structural genese0
- Qualifier
- the developmental genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the developmental genes determine the duration of expression of LT-induced structural genes”
t0“Barley”
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