Abstract
Arsenite [As(III)] is highly toxic to organisms, including plants. Very recently, transporters in rice responsible for As(III) transport have been described (Ma, J. F., Yamaji, N., Mitani, N., Xu, X. Y., Su, Y. H., McGrath, S. P., and Zhao, F. J. (2008) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 105, 9931-9935), but little is known about As(III) tolerance. In this study, three independent As(III)-tolerant mutants were isolated from ethyl methanesulfonate-mutagenized M2 seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana. All three mutants carried independent mutations in Nodulin 26-like intrinsic protein 1;1 (NIP1;1), a homolog of an aquaporin. Two independent transgenic lines carrying T-DNA in NIP1;1 were highly tolerant to As(III), establishing that NIP1;1 is the causal gene of As(III) tolerance. Because an aquaglyceroporin is able to transport As(III), we measured As(III) transport activity. When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, NIP1;1 was capable of transporting As(III). As content in the mutant plants was 30% lower than in wild-type plants. Promoter beta-glucuronidase and real-time PCR analysis showed that NIP1;1 is highly expressed in roots, and GFP-NIP1;1 is localized to the plasma membrane. These data show that NIP1;1 is involved in As(III) uptake into roots and that disruption of NIP1;1 function confers As(III) tolerance to plants. NIP1;2 and NIP5;1, closely related homologs of NIP1;1, were also permeable to As(III). Although the disruption of these genes reduced the As content in plants, As(III) tolerance was not observed in nip1;2 and nip5;1 mutants. This indicates that As(III) tolerance cannot be simply explained by decreased As contents in plants.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Three independent arsenite tolerant Arabidopsis mutants carried independent NIP1;1 mutations.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianat0 - Gene
- NIP1;1e0
- Outcome
- independent mutations in Nodulin 26-like intrinsic protein 1;1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All three mutants carried independent mutations in Nodulin 26-like intrinsic protein 1;1 (NIP1;1), a homolog of an aquaporin.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Two NIP1;1 T-DNA lines were highly tolerant to arsenite.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- carrying T-DNA in NIP1;1e0
- Gene
- NIP1;1e0
- Outcome
- tolerant to As(III)e0
- Direction
- highly tolerante0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two independent transgenic lines carrying T-DNA in NIP1;1 were highly tolerant to As(III)”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
NIP1;1 transported arsenite when expressed in Xenopus oocytes.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- NIP1;1e0
- Outcome
- transporting As(III)e0
- Setting
- Xenopus oocytese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, NIP1;1 was capable of transporting As(III).”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Arsenic content in NIP1;1 mutant plants was 30% below wild type.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- mutant plantse0
- Outcome
- As contente0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 30%e0
- Comparator
- wild-type plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As content in the mutant plants was 30% lower than in wild-type plants.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
NIP1;1 was highly expressed in roots.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Gene
- NIP1;1e0
- Outcome
- highly expressed in rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NIP1;1 is highly expressed in roots”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
GFP-NIP1;1 localized to the plasma membrane.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- GFP-NIP1;1e0
- Outcome
- localized to the plasma membranee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GFP-NIP1;1 is localized to the plasma membrane”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that NIP1;1 mediates arsenite uptake into roots.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Gene
- NIP1;1e0
- Outcome
- As(III) uptake into rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NIP1;1 is involved in As(III) uptake into roots”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
NIP1;2 was permeable to arsenite.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- NIP1;2e0
- Outcome
- permeable to As(III)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NIP1;2 and NIP5;1, closely related homologs of NIP1;1, were also permeable to As(III).”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
NIP5;1 was permeable to arsenite.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- NIP5;1e0
- Outcome
- permeable to As(III)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NIP1;2 and NIP5;1, closely related homologs of NIP1;1, were also permeable to As(III).”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Disrupting NIP1;2 reduced plant arsenic content.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- disruption of these genese0
- Gene
- NIP1;2e0
- Outcome
- As content in plantse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NIP1;2 and NIP5;1, closely related homologs of NIP1;1, were also permeable to As(III). Although the disruption of these genes reduced the As content in plants”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Disrupting NIP5;1 reduced plant arsenic content.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- disruption of these genese0
- Gene
- NIP5;1e0
- Outcome
- As content in plantse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NIP1;2 and NIP5;1, closely related homologs of NIP1;1, were also permeable to As(III). Although the disruption of these genes reduced the As content in plants”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Neither nip1;2 nor nip5;1 mutants showed arsenite tolerance.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- nip1;2 and nip5;1 mutantse0
- Outcome
- As(III) tolerance was not observede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As(III) tolerance was not observed in nip1;2 and nip5;1 mutants.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that lower plant arsenic content alone does not explain arsenite tolerance.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Outcome
- As(III) tolerancee0
- Qualifier
- decreased As contents in plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As(III) tolerance cannot be simply explained by decreased As contents in plants.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
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