Abstract
Abstract Many industrial by‐products are being marketed as micronutrient fertilizers because of regulations which restrict indiscriminate disposal of wastes. Some of these materials contain other heavy metals which might be absorbed by crops and thus possibly enter the human food chain. Two greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to determine if corn ( Zea mays L.) and Swiss chard ( Beta vulgaris L.) absorbed significant quantities of Cd, Ni, and Pb from Zn fertilizers prepared from industrial by‐products. Corn forage yields increased with Zn applications on alkaline (pH 7.4) but not on acid (pH 5.8) Mountview silt loam (Typic Paleudults). Concentrations of Cd in immature corn forage were not affected by applications of Zn fertilizers containing from 1 to 2165 mg kg −1 of Cd. Dry matter yields of several harvests of Swiss chard were not affected by Zn applications at either soil pH level. Zinc concentrations in plant tissue increased with Zn applications but were lower in both crops grown on alkaline soil than in those grown on acid soil. Plant uptake of Cd generally increased with increasing levels of Cd in the Zn fertilizers on the acid soil only, with some concentrations > 2 mg kg −1 in chard tissue grown on acid soil. Uptake of Ni and Pb by both crops generally was not affected, even with Ni and Pb levels in some by‐products as high as 8950 mg kg −1 and 52 000 mg kg −1 , respectively. These results suggest that plant uptake of heavy metal contaminants in Zn fertilizers made from some industrial by‐products is minimal, except for Cd in some leafy vegetables grown on acid soils. Since corn and most vegetable crops usually are not fertilized with Zn if grown on acid soils, plant uptake of heavy metal contaminants in by‐product Zn fertilizers should not be a significant problem.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc increased corn forage yield on alkaline soil.
- Taxon
- Corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Treatment
- Zn applicationse0
- Outcome
- forage yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- alkaline (pH 7.4)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Corn forage yields increased with Zn applications on alkaline (pH 7.4) but not on acid (pH 5.8) Mountview silt loam”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc did not increase corn forage yield on acid soil.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- Zn applicationse0
- Outcome
- forage yieldse0
- Direction
- but note0
- Setting
- acid (pH 5.8)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Corn forage yields increased with Zn applications on alkaline (pH 7.4) but not on acid (pH 5.8) Mountview silt loam”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc fertilizers did not affect cadmium in immature corn forage.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Organ / stage
- immature corn foragee0
- Treatment
- applications of Zn fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- Concentrations of Cde0
- Direction
- not affectede0
- Qualifier
- from 1 to 2165 mg kg −1 of Cde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Concentrations of Cd in immature corn forage were not affected by applications of Zn fertilizers containing from 1 to 2165 mg kg −1 of Cd”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc did not affect Swiss chard dry matter yield at either soil pH.
- Taxon
- Swiss chard
Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise0 - Treatment
- Zn applicationse0
- Outcome
- Dry matter yieldse0
- Direction
- not affectede0
- Qualifier
- either soil pH levele0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dry matter yields of several harvests of Swiss chard were not affected by Zn applications at either soil pH level”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc increased plant tissue zinc concentration.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse7
- Treatment
- Zn applicationse0
- Outcome
- Zinc concentrations in plant tissuee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zinc concentrations in plant tissue increased with Zn applications”
e7“corn ( Zea mays L.) and Swiss chard ( Beta vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Both crops had lower tissue zinc on alkaline than acid soil.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse7
- Outcome
- were lowere0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- acid soile0
- Setting
- alkaline soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were lower in both crops grown on alkaline soil than in those grown on acid soil”
e7“corn ( Zea mays L.) and Swiss chard ( Beta vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium uptake generally increased with cadmium content of zinc fertilizers on acid soil only.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse7
- Treatment
- increasing levels of Cd in the Zn fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- Plant uptake of Cde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- acid soil onlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant uptake of Cd generally increased with increasing levels of Cd in the Zn fertilizers on the acid soil only”
e7“corn ( Zea mays L.) and Swiss chard ( Beta vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Some chard on acid soil exceeded 2 mg kg −1 tissue cadmium.
Verbatim
e0“some concentrations > 2 mg kg −1 in chard tissue grown on acid soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Nickel uptake by both crops generally was unaffected.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse7
- Treatment
- by‐productse0
- Outcome
- Uptake of Nie0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Uptake of Ni and Pb by both crops generally was not affected, even with Ni and Pb levels in some by‐products as high as 8950 mg kg −1 and 52 000 mg kg −1 , respectively”
e7“corn ( Zea mays L.) and Swiss chard ( Beta vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Lead uptake by both crops generally was unaffected.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse7
- Treatment
- by‐productse0
- Outcome
- Pbe0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Uptake of Ni and Pb by both crops generally was not affected, even with Ni and Pb levels in some by‐products as high as 8950 mg kg −1 and 52 000 mg kg −1 , respectively”
e7“corn ( Zea mays L.) and Swiss chard ( Beta vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors judged metal uptake from these fertilizers minimal except cadmium in leafy vegetables on acid soil.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse7
- Outcome
- plant uptake of heavy metal contaminantse0
- Qualifier
- except for Cd in some leafy vegetables grown on acid soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant uptake of heavy metal contaminants in Zn fertilizers made from some industrial by‐products is minimal, except for Cd in some leafy vegetables grown on acid soils”
e7“corn ( Zea mays L.) and Swiss chard ( Beta vulgaris L.)”
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See all 1,164 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.